@article {13694, title = {Perceived discrimination and nativity status: risk of cognitive impairment among Latin American older adults.}, journal = {International Psychogeriatrics}, year = {Forthcoming}, pages = {1-13}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between perceived discrimination and the risk of cognitive impairment with no dementia (CIND) and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias (ADRD) while considering the potential effects of nativity status.

DESIGN: A prospective analysis of discrimination and nativity status with dementia and cognitive impairment was conducted among Latinx adults aged 51 years and older who participated in the Health and Retirement Study.

SETTING: A national representative sample.

PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 1,175 Latinx adults aged 51 years and older.

MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, cognitive functioning, perceived discrimination, and nativity status (US-born vs. non-US born) were assessed. Traditional survival analysis methods (Fine and gray models) were used to account for the semi-competing risk of death with up to 10 years of follow-up.

RESULTS: According to our results, neither everyday discrimination nor nativity status on their own had a statistically significant association with CIND/ADRD; however, non-US-born Latinx adults who reported no discrimination had a 42\% lower risk of CIND/ADRD (SHR = 0.58 [0.41, 0.83], = .003) than US-born adults.

CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the need for healthcare providers to assess for discrimination and provide support and resources for those experiencing discrimination. It also highlights the need for better policies that address discrimination and reduce health disparities.

}, keywords = {Cognition, Discrimination, Latinx, nativity status}, issn = {1741-203X}, doi = {10.1017/S1041610223004374}, author = {Tibiri{\c c}{\'a}, Lize and Jester, Dylan J and Kohn, Jordan N and Williams, Allison P and McEvoy, Linda K and Palmer, Barton W} } @article {13511, title = {Pre-Analytical Variables Influencing Stability of Blood-Based Biomarkers of Neuropathology.}, journal = {Journal of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease}, year = {Forthcoming}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Sample collection and preanalytical protocols may significantly impact the results of large-scale epidemiological studies incorporating blood-based biomarkers of neuropathology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability and assay variability of several blood-based biomarkers of neuropathology for common preanalytical conditions.

METHODS: We collected serum and plasma samples from 41 participants and evaluated the effect of processing delay of up to 72 h when stored at 4oC, three freeze-thaw cycles, and a combination of 48-h processing delay when stored at 4oC and three freeze-thaw cycles on biomarker stability. Using the Simoa assay (Quanterix Inc.), we measured amyloid-β 40 (Aβ40), amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau-181).

RESULTS: We found that Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels significantly decreased after a 24-h processing delay in both plasma and serum samples, and a single freeze-thaw cycle (p < 0.0001). Nevertheless, serum Aβ42/40 ratio remained stable with a processing delay up to 48 h while plasma Aβ42/40 ratio showed only small but significant increase with a delay up to 72 h. Both plasma and serum GFAP and NfL levels were only modestly affected by processing delay and freeze-thaw cycles. Plasma p-tau-181 levels notably increased with a 24-, 48-, and 72-h processing delay, but remained stable in serum. Intra-individual variation over two weeks was minimal for all biomarkers and their levels were substantially lower in serum when compared with plasma.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that standardizing preanalytical variables will allow robust measurements of biomarkers of neuropathology in population studies.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer, amyloid-β, blood-based biomarkers, pre-analytical variables, Simoa assay, stability}, issn = {1875-8908}, doi = {10.3233/JAD-230384}, author = {Panikkar, Daniel and Vivek, Sithara and Crimmins, Eileen and Jessica Faul and Kenneth M. Langa and Bharat Thyagarajan} } @article {13804, title = {Preclinical Dementia and Economic Well-Being Trajectories of Racially Diverse Older Adults.}, journal = {Journal of Aging and Health}, year = {Forthcoming}, pages = {8982643241237292}, abstract = {

ObjectivesThis study examined the magnitude, changes, and racial/ethnic disparities in the economic costs of the 16-year preclinical phase of dementia-a period of cognitive decline without significant impact on daily activities. The study utilized two dementia algorithms to classify individuals with incident dementia in the Health and Retirement Study. These cases were compared to matched controls in terms of poverty status, labor force participation, and unsecured debts. Older adults classified with dementia were more likely to drop out of the labor force and become poor than similar older adults without dementia. Racial/ethnic disparities in poverty persisted during the preclinical period, with non-Hispanic Black older adults more likely to leave the labor force and Hispanic older adults more likely to have unsecured debt. Findings highlight the economic costs during prodromal phase of dementia, emphasizing need for early interventions to reduce financial strain across diverse older adults.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias, economic well-being, Health and Retirement Study, preclinical, racial/ethnic disparities}, issn = {1552-6887}, doi = {10.1177/08982643241237292}, author = {Mudrazija, Stipica and Palms, Jordan and Lee, Ji Hyun and Maher, Amanda and Zahodne, Laura B and Chopik, William J} } @article {12605, title = {Prediction Model Development and Validation of 12-Year Incident Edentulism of Older Adults in the United States.}, journal = {JDR Clinical \& Translational Research}, year = {Forthcoming}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: Edentulism affects health and quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: Identify factors that predict older adults becoming edentulous over 12 y in the US Health and Retirement Study (HRS) by developing and validating a prediction model.

METHODS: The HRS includes data on a representative sample of US adults aged >50 y. Selection criteria included participants in 2006 and 2018 who answered, "Have you lost all of your upper and lower natural permanent teeth?" Persons who answered "no" in 2006 and "yes" in 2018 experienced incident edentulism. Excluding 2006 edentulous, the data set ( = 4,288) was split into selection (70\%, = 3,002) and test data (30\%, = 1,286), and Monte Carlo cross-validation was applied to 500 random partitions of the selection data into training ( = 1,716) and validation ( = 1,286) data sets. Fitted logistic models from the training data sets were applied to the validation data sets to obtain area under the curve (AUC) for 32 candidate models. Six variables were included in all models (age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, smoking, last dental visit) while all combinations of 5 variables (income, alcohol use, self-rated health, loneliness, cognitive status) were considered for inclusion. The best parsimonious model based on highest mean AUC was fitted to the selection data set to obtain a final prediction equation. It was applied to the test data to estimate AUC and 95\% confidence interval using 1,000 bootstrap samples.

RESULTS: From 2006 to 2018, 9.7\% of older adults became edentulous. The 2006 mean (SD) age was 66.7 (8.7) for newly edentulous and 66.3 (8.4) for dentate ( = 0.31). The baseline 6-variable model mean AUC was 0.740. The 7-variable model with cognition had AUC = 0.749 and test data AUC = 0.748 (95\% confidence interval, 0.715-0.781), modestly improving prediction. Negligible improvement was gained from adding more variables.

CONCLUSION: Cognition information improved the 12-y prediction of becoming edentulous beyond the modifiable risk factors of smoking and dental care use, as well as nonmodifiable demographic factors.

KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: This prediction modeling and validation study identifies cognition as well as modifiable (dental care use, smoking) and nonmodifiable factors (race, ethnicity, gender, age, education) associated with incident complete tooth loss in the United States. This information is useful for the public, dental care providers, and health policy makers in improving approaches to preventive care, oral and general health, and quality of life for older adults.

}, keywords = {Epidemiology, Geriatrics, Incidence, Oral Health, Tooth Loss}, issn = {2380-0852}, doi = {10.1177/23800844221112062}, author = {Preisser, J S and Moss, K and Finlayson, T L and Jones, J A and Weintraub, J A} } @article {13730, title = {Purposeful and purposeless aging: Structural issues for sense of purpose and their implications for predicting life outcomes.}, journal = {Developmental Psychology}, volume = {60}, year = {2024}, pages = {75-93}, abstract = {

Despite the value of sense of purpose during older adulthood, this construct often declines with age. With some older adults reconsidering the relevance of purpose later in life, the measurement of purpose may suffer from variance issues with age. The current study investigated whether sense of purpose functions similarly across ages and evaluated if the predictive power of purpose on mental, physical, cognitive, and financial outcomes changes when accounting for a less age-affected measurement structure. Utilizing data from two nationwide panel studies (Health and Retirement Study: = 14,481; Midlife in the United States: = 4,030), the current study conducted local structural equation modeling and found two factors for the positively and negatively valenced purpose items in the Purpose in Life subscale (Ryff, 1989), deemed the purposeful and purposeless factor. These factors become less associated with each other at higher ages. When reproducing past findings with this two-factor structure, the current study found that the purposeful and purposeless factors predicted these outcomes in the same direction as would be suggested by past research, but the magnitude of these effects differed for some outcomes. The discussion focuses on the implications of what this means for our understanding of sense of purpose across the lifespan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

}, keywords = {Aged, Aging, Humans, Longevity, Retirement, United States}, issn = {1939-0599}, doi = {10.1037/dev0001633}, author = {Pfund, Gabrielle N and Olaru, Gabriel and Allemand, Mathias and Hill, Patrick L} } @article {13343, title = {PCR144 Evaluation of the Association between Self-Perceptions of Aging and Care Deferrals Among US Adults Aged >=50 Years during the COVID-19 Pandemic}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Objectives Self-perceptions of aging (SPA) have been shown to influence healthcare-seeking behaviors among middle-aged and older adults. Negative SPA may intensify the COVID-19 pandemic-related healthcare disruptions in this population. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the association between SPA and care deferrals among community-dwelling adults aged >=50 years in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. Go to: Methods A cross-sectional study of the eligible sample was conducted using data from the 2020 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. SPA score was measured using a validated eight-item instrument with higher scores indicating negative SPA. The association between SPA and care deferrals during the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for respondents{\textquoteright} sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, past COVID-19-related experiences, and COVID-19 worry. Go to: Results The final sample consisted of 4,153 community-dwelling adults aged >=50 years. 30\% reported care deferrals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among respondents who deferred care, the majority were aged 50-64 years (46.6\%), females (65.4\%), and White (64.5\%). Most commonly reported care deferrals were dental appointments (74.5\%) and physician visits (56.5\%). Care deferrals were mainly due to clinic/office rescheduling or cancelling appointments (57.5\%), respondent deciding the care could wait (33.8\%), and COVID-19 fear (21.8\%). Respondents reporting care deferrals reported higher mean SPA scores, indicating negative aging attitudes, compared those who did not defer care (Mean (SD): 3.24 (1.02) vs. 3.05 (1.04), p<0.001). After accounting for covariates, higher SPA scores were associated with significantly higher odds of care deferrals (aOR: 1.20, 95\% CI: 1.11 {\textendash} 1.30, p<0.001). Go to: Conclusions This study found that negative SPA were associated with care deferrals during the COVID-19 pandemic among community-dwelling adults aged >=50 years. As healthcare delivery rebounds to pre-pandemic levels, the role of SPA in healthcare-seeking behaviors should be recognized. Health promotion efforts may target positive aging attitudes to encourage timely and proactive use of healthcare.}, keywords = {Aging, COVID-19, US adults}, doi = {10.1016/j.jval.2023.03.1920}, author = {S. Korgaonkar and P. Prajapati and M. Barnard and S. Goswami} } @article {Pearson2023127, title = {Personality Traits, Consumer Home Value, and Mortgage Debt}, journal = {Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning}, volume = {34}, year = {2023}, note = {Cited by: 0}, pages = {127 {\textendash} 136}, type = {Article}, abstract = {Research on residential preferences has consistently orbited around their been correlation with economic and social factors. This study builds on the existing literature by investigating the personality characteristics that shape residential behavior. The specific objective is to examine the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN) {\textemdash}openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism{\textemdash}and their relationship with the value of individuals{\textquoteright} primary residences and mortgage debt using data collected from the Health and Retirement Study. Regression models are estimated to examine the associations between the OCEAN personality traits and home value and mortgage debt. The findings reveal the following associations: openness and conscientiousness are associated positively, and agreeableness is associated negatively, with larger home values; whereas openness and agreeableness are associated positively, and conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated negatively, with larger mortgage debts. {\textcopyright} 2023 Association for Financial Counseling and Planning Education{\textregistered}.}, doi = {10.1891/JFCP-2021-0006}, url = {https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85159658891\&doi=10.1891\%2fJFCP-2021-0006\&partnerID=40\&md5=6aa37bc0f19ec5c85286c8313ab03c30}, author = {Pearson, Blain M. and Quadria, Taufiq Hasan and Asebedo, Sarah} } @article {12870, title = {Physical Activity, Inflammation, and Physical Function in Older Adults: Results From the Health \& Retirement Study.}, journal = {Biological Research for Nursing}, volume = {25}, year = {2023}, pages = {24-32}, abstract = {

UNLABELLED: Physical function declines with aging due to physical and biological changes. The biological process of aging has been associated with increases in systemic inflammation and a greater risk for chronic conditions. In older adults, physical activity aids in maintenance of function. However, the influence of inflammatory biomarkers and adiposity on physical activity and physical function needs to be further explored.

METHODS: A cross-sectional secondary data analysis from Wave 13 of the Health \& Retirement Study (HRS) core biennial data and Venous Blood Study (VBS) was conducted. Structural equation modeling was used to establish the model and test the relationships.

RESULTS: Chronic low-level inflammation was moderately negatively correlated with physical activity (r = -0.326) and function (r = -0.367). Latent regressions showed that higher physical activity is associated with better physical function (unstandardized estimate = 0.600, < .001) while inflammation negatively affects physical function (unstandardized estimate = -0.139, < .001), and adiposity was not a predictor in the model ( = 0.055).

CONCLUSION: For older adults, preserving physical function by participation in physical activity and decreasing chronic inflammation are key preventive health strategies for older adults to maintain independence, with a need to further explore pro and anti-inflammatory biomarkers.

}, keywords = {Adiposity, Aging, Biomarkers, Exercise, Inflammation, Obesity}, issn = {1552-4175}, doi = {10.1177/10998004221111217}, author = {Hlebichuk, Jeanne L and Gretebeck, Randall J and Garnier-Villarreal, Mauricio and Piacentine, Linda B and Singh, Maharaj and Gretebeck, Kimberlee A} } @article {13525, title = {A pilot genome-wide association study meta-analysis of gastroparesis.}, journal = {United European Gastroenterol Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2023}, pages = {784-796}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Gastroparesis (GP) is characterized by delayed gastric emptying in the absence of mechanical obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Genetic predisposition may play a role; however, investigation at the genome-wide level has not been performed.

METHODS: We carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis on (i) 478 GP patients from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC) compared to 9931 population-based controls from the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study; and (ii) 402 GP cases compared to 48,340 non-gastroparesis controls from the Michigan Genomics Initiative. Associations for 5,811,784 high-quality SNPs were tested on a total of 880 GP patients and 58,271 controls, using logistic mixed models adjusted for age, sex, and principal components. Gene mapping was obtained based on genomic position and expression quantitative trait loci, and a gene-set network enrichment analysis was performed. Genetic associations with clinical data were tested in GpCRC patients. Protein expression of selected candidate genes was determined in full thickness gastric biopsies from GpCRC patients and controls.

RESULTS: While no SNP associations were detected at strict significance (p~<=~5~{\texttimes}~10 ), nine independent genomic loci were associated at suggestive significance (p~<=~1~{\texttimes}~10 ), with the strongest signal (rs9273363, odds ratio~=~1.4, p~=~1~{\texttimes}~10 ) mapped to the human leukocyte antigen region. Computational annotation of suggestive risk loci identified 14 protein-coding candidate genes. Gene-set network enrichment analysis revealed pathways potentially involved in immune and motor dysregulation (p <= 0.05). The GP risk allele rs6984536A (Peroxidasin-Like; PXDNL) was associated with increased abdominal pain severity scores (Beta~=~0.13, p~=~0.03). Gastric muscularis expression of PXDNL also positively correlated with abdominal pain in GP patients (r~=~0.8, p~=~0.02). Dickkopf WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1 showed decreased expression in diabetic GP patients (p~=~0.005 vs. controls).

CONCLUSION: We report preliminary GWAS findings for GP, which highlight candidate genes and pathways related to immune and sensory-motor dysregulation. Larger studies are needed to validate and expand these findings in independent datasets.

}, keywords = {abdominal pain, delayed gastric emptying, Diabetes, enteric nervous system, gastroparesis, Genetics, immune dysregulation, Inflammation, motor function., PXDNL}, issn = {2050-6414}, doi = {10.1002/ueg2.12453}, author = {Tavares, Leticia Camargo and Zheng, Tenghao and Kwicklis, Madeline and Mitchell, Emily and Pandit, Anita and Pullapantula, Suraj and Bernard, Cheryl and Teder-Laving, Maris and Marques, Francine Z and Esko, Tonu and Kuo, Braden and Shulman, Robert J and Chumpitazi, Bruno P and Koch, Kenneth L and Sarosiek, Irene and Abell, Thomas L and McCallum, Richard W and Parkman, Henry P and Pasricha, Pankaj J and Hamilton, Frank A and Tonascia, James and Zawistowski, Matthew and Farrugia, Gianrico and Grover, Madhusudan and D{\textquoteright}Amato, Mauro} } @article {PARK2023S49, title = {Polygenic Risk Scores Predict Late-life Depressive Symptoms in Older Whites, but Not in Older African Americans: Stratified Analyses by Sex at Birth}, journal = {The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry}, volume = {31}, year = {2023}, pages = {S49-S50}, abstract = {Introduction Given significant racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence and treatment of late-life depression (LLD), investigating the roles of polygenic risk scores (PRS) will be vital in assessing genetic predispositions to LLD. However, empirical findings have been inconsistent across racial/ethnic groups. For example, PRS for depressive symptoms (PRS-ds) explain \~{}0.5\% of variance in adults of European ancestry (EA), while no genetic loci reached genome-wide significance in a sample of female African American (AA) adults (Okbay et al., 2016). Given the underrepresentation of AAs in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the utility of established PRS-ds in explaining LLD symptom trajectories in older AAs remains unclear, highlighting the need for exploration. Moreover, sex differences in the effect of PRS-ds on LLD symptoms remain unknown in racial/ethnic groups, despite accumulated findings on the differential effect of sex on gene expression. Given this research gap, the current study aims to (1) examine the association between PRS-ds and LLD symptoms in older AAs compared to older EAs and (2) explore if there are sex differences in the association between PRS-ds and LLD symptoms by stratifying the analyses by sex at birth in each AA and EA group. Methods Growth curve modeling was conducted on a nationally representative sample of community-living AA (n=3,030) and EA adults (n=11,888) aged 50+, from 12 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (1996-2018). The AA sample (1,860 women and 1,170 men) provided an average of 6.2 observations per subject, while the EA sample (6,761 women and 5,127 men) provided 7.8 observations per subject. Depressive symptoms were measured by scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CESD-8) at each biennial visit. PRS-ds was based on two genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms identified from a GWAS meta-analyses (Okbay et al., 2016). In the main analyses, we controlled for multifaceted covariates known to be associated with LLD. The first set of covariates consisted of demographic information, such as age, employment, marital status, education level, and household income. The second set of covariates included diagnoses of medical conditions (i.e., high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer, lung and heart problems, stroke, and arthritis), self-rated health status, health behaviors (i.e., Body Mass Index, drinking, smoking), and family characteristics (i.e., number of children and people in the household). The scores on the top five European or African ancestry-specific principal components (PCs) were included in all main analyses to account for the potential genetic effects of shared ancestry. Results When only ancestry-specific PCs were controlled (Model 1), PRS-ds was positively and significantly associated with LLD symptoms in both EAs (z = 10.48, p < .001, 95\% CI: [0.11, 0.16]) and AAs (z = 3.14, p < .005, 95\% CI: [0.03, 0.15]). In Model 2 where demographic covariates were added to Model 1, higher PRS-ds significantly predicted more LLD symptoms in both EAs (z = 8.74, p < .001, 95\% CI: [0.08, 0.13]) and AAs (z = 2.80, p < 0.01, 95\% CI: [0.02, 0.13]). In Model 3 where medical, family, and health-related covariates were added to Model 2, PRS-ds was significantly associated with LLD symptoms in EAs (z = 6.85, p < .001, 95\% CI: [0.05, 0.09], but not in AAs (p > .05). Further stratification by sex analyses indicated that PRS-ds was a consistent and significant predictor of LLD symptoms in both EA women and men in all models (ps < .005), irrespective of covariates. However, in AA men, PRS-ds did not reach statistical significance in explaining LLD symptoms in any of the Models (ps > .05). In AA women, the effect of PRS-ds on LLD symptoms was significant when adjusting for PCs and demographic covariates (Model 1 and 2), but nonsignificant after adding more complex covariates in Model 3 (p > .05). Conclusions The current findings elucidate racial/ethnic and sex differences in the effects of PRS-ds in explaining LLD symptoms in older AAs and EAs. While PRS-ds was a robust predictor for LLD symptoms in both EA women and men, the predictive value of PRS-ds on AA{\textquoteright}s LLD symptoms largely fluctuated depending on the covariates, and importantly, differed by sex. More specifically, the effect of PRS-ds on LLD symptoms in AA women became nonsignificant after accounting for the effects of health and family-related covariates, in addition to demographics and PCs. Furthermore, the predictive value of PRS-ds in AA men was nonsignificant regardless of covariates. In sum, our findings highlight inconsistent prediction accuracy of PRS-ds in older AAs compared to EAs. This reinforces the urgent need for more representation of non-European samples in polygenic research to increase the clinical utility of PRS-ds in underserved racial groups to prevent further disparities in LLD. This research was funded by This study is funded by the 2022-2023 Pope-Hintz Fellowship (PI: Soohyun Park, Ph.D.) awarded at the McLean Hospital, Massachusetts.}, keywords = {Depressive symptoms, Older Whites, Polygenic risk scores}, issn = {1064-7481}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2022.12.207}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748123000325}, author = {Soohyun Park and Kaya Zamil and Regan Patrick and Brent P. Forester} } @article { WOS:001037843700001, title = {Portfolio decisions and perceived racial discrimination}, journal = {JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS}, volume = {106}, year = {2023}, month = {OCT}, pages = {102062}, abstract = {We use data from the US Health and Retirement Study to examine the relationship between individual portfolio decisions and perceived discrimination, with a focus on racial discrimination. We show that sensing racial discrimination has a bigger association with shaping portfolio decisions than any other type of discrimination. Perceived racial discrimination is correlated not only with the choice to opt-in risky financial assets, but also the amount of assets held. Specifically, racial discrimination is associated with reducing the probability of holding risky assets by 4.0\% and reducing the amount of these holdings by 4.2\%. Most of the respondents who report being racially discriminated against, are non-White, and thus such experiences add to the racial wealth inequality.}, keywords = {Racial Discrimination, racial wealth inequality, risky assets}, issn = {2214-8043}, doi = {10.1016/j.socec.2023.102062}, author = {Bucciol, Alessandro and Papadovasilaki, Dimitra} } @article {11995, title = {Prevalence and health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults with comorbid cancer and dementia: A longitudinal analysis.}, journal = {Aging \& Mental Health}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To examine health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults with: dementia only, cancer only, and comorbid cancer and dementia.

METHODS: Longitudinal analysis was conducted using data from 2010 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Health outcomes included mortality, limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), nursing home utilization, hospital stay, homecare use, self-rated health, and out-of-pocket medical expenditure. Panel regression was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS: The prevalence of comorbid cancer and dementia ranged from 2.56\% to 2.97\%. Individuals with comorbid cancer and dementia demonstrated a higher likelihood of nursing home utilization and poorer self-rated health but a lower likelihood of hospital stay, homecare use, and out-of-pocket expenditures, compared to the cancer only or dementia only groups. The differences in mortality and ADL and IADL limitations were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: Comorbid cancer and dementia predicted longer nursing home utilization and poorer self-rated health. The results help guide care planning for individuals with comorbid cancer and dementia.

}, keywords = {Cancer, comorbid cancer-dementia, Dementia, health outcomes}, issn = {1364-6915}, doi = {10.1080/13607863.2021.2003298}, author = {Parajuli, Jyotsana and Berish, Diane and Jao, Ying-Ling and Liao, Yo-Jen and Johnson, Lee Ann and Walsh, Amanda} } @article {13342, title = {The Prevalence and Trends of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Impairments in the United States from 2008-2018.}, journal = {J Alzheimers Dis Rep}, volume = {7}, year = {2023}, pages = {271-278}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are neuropsychological-driven tasks that are linked to cognitive dysfunction. Examining population-based IADL deficits may reveal insights for the presence of these impairments in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation sought to evaluate the prevalence and trends of IADL impairments in Americans.

METHODS: A secondary analysis of data from the 2006-2018 waves of the Health and Retirement Study was conducted. The overall unweighted analytic sample included 29,764 Americans aged>=50 years. Respondents indicated their ability to perform six IADLs: manage money, manage medications, use a telephone, prepare hot meals, shop for groceries, and use a map. Persons reporting difficulty or an inability to complete an individual IADL were considered as having a task-specific impairment. Similarly, those indicating difficulty or an inability to perform any IADL were classified as having an IADL impairment. Sample weights were utilized to generate nationally-representative estimates.

RESULTS: Having an impairment in using a map (2018 wave: 15.7\% (95\% confidence interval (CI): 15.0-16.4) had the highest prevalence in individual IADLs regardless of wave examined. The overall prevalence of IADL impairments declined during the study period ( < 0.001) to 25.4\% (CI: 24.5-26.2) in the 2018 wave. Older Americans and women had a consistently higher prevalence of IADL impairments compared to middle-aged Americans and men, respectively. The prevalence of IADL impairments was also highest among Hispanics and non-Hispanic Blacks.

CONCLUSION: IADL impairments have declined over time. Continued surveillance of IADLs may help inform cognitive screening, identify subpopulations at risk of impairment, and guide relevant policy.

}, issn = {2542-4823}, doi = {10.3233/ADR-220107}, author = {Knoll, Kelly and Rhee, Yeong and Hamm, Jeremy M and Hammer, Kimberly D P and Heimbuch, Halli and Holloway, Jeremy and Jurivich, Donald and Lahr, Peyton and McGrath, Brenda and Parker, Kelly and Robinson-Lane, Sheria and Stover, Emily and Tomkinson, Grant R and McGrath, Ryan} } @article {13257, title = {The psychological legacy of past obesity and early mortality: evidence from two longitudinal studies}, year = {2023}, abstract = {Background: We test a novel {\textquoteleft}weight scarring{\textquoteright} hypothesis which suggests that past obesity leaves a {\textquoteleft}scar{\textquoteright} on current psychological well-being and this psychological scarring leads to meaningful health consequences. Across two nationally representative studies, we tested whether past obesity forecasts current psychological outcomes and whether these psychological consequences explain why obesity is associated with subsequent early mortality. Methods and Findings: Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n=29,047) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (n=11,998). Past obesity was defined based on maximum lifetime weight in NHANES and the highest weight from past study waves in the HRS. Current depressive symptoms in both studies and an index of impaired psychological well-being combining 10 psychological measures in the HRS were analysed. We found that past obesity was associated with greater depressive symptoms after controlling for current weight status and in analyses limited to those who were no longer classified as having obesity in NHANES (β = 0.17; 95\% CI: 0.13, 0.22) and HRS (β = 0.20; 95\% CI: 0.08, 0.31). In the HRS, past obesity predicted a range of current negative psychological outcomes, including an index of impaired psychological well-being (β = 0.16; 95\% CI: 0.05, 0.27). Past obesity predicted early mortality in both NHANES and HRS (HR = 1.31; 95\% CI: 1.16, 1.48 and HR = 1.34; 95\% CI: 1.20, 1.50, respectively). Depressive symptoms and impaired psychological well-being partly mediated the association between past obesity and the risk of premature mortality. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that past obesity may be psychologically {\textquoteleft}scarring{\textquoteright} and that the psychological legacy of past obesity is associated with raised mortality risk. Ensuring people with obesity receive psychological support even after experiencing weight loss may now be important.}, keywords = {obesity; mortality; weight scarring; psychological well-being; depressive symptoms}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3az65}, author = {Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra and Michael Daly and Angelina Sutin and Andrew Steptoe and Eric Robinson} } @article {13465, title = {Psychological pathways explaining the prospective association between obesity and physiological dysregulation.}, journal = {Health Psychol}, volume = {42}, year = {2023}, pages = {472-484}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is associated with a range of negative psychological conditions that may also affect physiological health. Across two studies, we tested whether a range of psychological measures explain why obesity is prospectively associated with physiological dysregulation, measured via clinical indicators of cardiovascular, immune system, and metabolic function.

METHOD: We used comparable 4-year follow-up representative longitudinal data of U.K. and U.S. older adults (>=50 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2008/2009-2012/2013; Study 1; n = 6,250) and the Health and Retirement Study (2008/2010-2012/2014; Study 2; n = 9,664). A diverse range of psychological measures (e.g., depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, weight stigma, positive affect) were tested as candidate mediators in Studies 1 (n = 14) and 2 (n = 21).

RESULTS: Obesity predicted physiological dysregulation at follow-up across both studies. In Study 1, only weight stigma (measured between baseline and follow-up) explained 37\% of the association between obesity and physiological dysregulation. In Study 2, only changes in weight stigma from baseline to follow-up (not baseline weight stigma) explained 13\% of the effect of obesity on future physiological dysregulation. Mediation by weight stigma in both studies was partially attenuated when changes in body mass index from baseline to follow-up were controlled for. No other psychological measures explained the association between obesity and physiological dysregulation in either study.

CONCLUSIONS: The prospective association between obesity and physiological dysregulation was largely not explained by psychological factors. However, experiencing weight stigma is associated with increased weight gain and this process may explain obesity-related declines in physiological health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

}, keywords = {Aged, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Obesity, Social Stigma, Weight Gain}, issn = {1930-7810}, doi = {10.1037/hea0001284}, author = {Putra, I Gusti Ngurah Edi and Daly, Michael and Sutin, Angelina and Steptoe, Andrew and Robinson, Eric} } @article {13028, title = {PERCEIVED FINANCIAL VULNERABILITY, WEALTH, AND WEALTH CHANGE: THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY}, journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {6}, year = {2022}, pages = {854}, abstract = {Financial vulnerability among older adults is an escalating social concern given all too frequent financial exploitation of this population. The 6-item Perceived Financial Vulnerability (PFV) was derived from the 56-item Lichtenberg Financial Decision Rating Scale to examine awareness and psychological vulnerability regarding finances. It was included as an experimental module in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in 2018. Prior findings have identified significant associations of PFV with wealth, demographics, and health status. The goals of the current study were to examine the relationship between wealth, changes in wealth, and perceived financial vulnerability. The sample included 1156 respondents to the HRS. Respondents were 57.5\% female and 77.2\% Caucasian. Average age was 68.28 (SD = 10.74) and average years of education was 13.11 (SD = 2.88). The PFV demonstrated adequate internal consistency (α = .60). Total assets at baseline (2016) and change in total assets over two waves (2016 to 2018) were independently stratified into deciles and used as primary predictors of perceived financial vulnerability in 2018. A multiple linear regression model was conducted to examine these relationships. Consistent with previous findings, demographics (R2=0.04, F(5,1150)=10.07, p < .001) and baseline wealth (B= -0.20, SE=0.02, p < .001) predicted PFV scores. Subsequent addition of wealth change (B=-0.06, SE=0.02, p=.002) significantly contributed to overall variance accounted for (p < .01). Negative wealth change over two years and low baseline wealth related to higher PFV. These findings support the construct and the PFV measure as valid and informative.}, keywords = {financial vulnerability, Wealth}, doi = {10.1093/geroni/igac059.3059}, author = {Madison Maynard and Emily Flores and Daniel Paulson and Peter Lichtenberg} } @article {MoffittPhillips+2022, title = {Preface: Expert Advice to Enhance Aging Research and the Health and Retirement Study}, journal = {Forum for Health Economics and Policy}, year = {2022}, doi = {doi:10.1515/fhep-2022-0021}, author = {Terrie E. Moffitt and John W. R. Phillips} } @article {11721, title = {Physical Work Exposures of Older Workers: Does Measurement Make a Difference?}, journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement}, year = {2021}, pages = {waab014}, abstract = {Physically demanding work at later ages, which is especially prevalent among disadvantaged groups, is associated with long-term health outcomes and may contribute to health inequality over the life course. Past studies of these issues have relied on occupational characteristics from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), but few have assessed how O*NET compares to survey reports when measuring occupational exposures in analyses of socioeconomic status, work conditions, and health. We compare Health and Retirement Study (HRS, N = 16,683 working respondents) and O*NET measurements of general physical activity, frequency of lifting/handling objects, and frequency of stooping-related postures required at work. Pearson correlations between the HRS items and corresponding O*NET items vary from weak to moderate for lifting/handling and stooping-related postures to relatively large for general physical activity. Though they are measured on different scales, both the HRS and O*NET measures of physical demands reveal similar sex, racial/ethnic, and educational differentials in exposure to physically strenuous work. We fit random effects Poisson models to assess how these measures predict accumulation of functional limitations, a potential long-term consequence of strenuous working conditions. Comparable HRS and O*NET measures have similar associations with functional limitations. We also consider an average of physical demand items available in O*NET, finding that this measure has similar associations with functional limitations as the O*NET measure of general physical activity. These results suggest that O*NET characteristics and HRS respondent reports produce comparable disparities in physical work exposures (PWEs) and associations between physically demanding work and declines in physical functioning.}, keywords = {Health Inequality, long-term health consequences, O*NET, Older workers, physical work}, isbn = {2054-4650}, doi = {10.1093/workar/waab014}, author = {Andrasfay, Theresa and Pebley, Anne R and Goldman, Noreen} } @article {10936, title = {The Polygenic Risk Score of Subjective Well-Being, Self-Employment, and Earnings Among Older Individuals}, journal = {Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice}, volume = {45}, year = {2021}, pages = {440-466}, abstract = {We investigate whether the polygenic risk score (PRS) of subjective well-being (SWB), a weighted combination of multiple genetic variants which captures an individual?s time-invariant genetic predisposition to SWB, influences the choice of self-employment and whether it explains differences in earnings between older self-employed and employed workers. In a sample of 4,571 individuals (50 to 65 years old) representing 14,937 individual-year observations from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that the PRS of SWB is positively associated with self-employment and earnings. However, contrary to our expectations, the positive association with earnings is not significantly different between self-employed and employed individuals.}, keywords = {Earnings, Occupational choice, Polygenic risk score, Self-employment, Subjective well-being}, isbn = {1042-2587}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720936984}, author = {Pankaj C Patel and Cornelius A Rietveld and Wolfe, Marcus T. and Wiklund, Johan} } @article {11318, title = {Prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults with cancer.}, journal = {Journal of Geriatric Oncology}, volume = {12}, year = {2021}, pages = {618-622}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: Older adults with cancer are at risk of developing depressive symptoms. However, little is known about the prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults with cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined the prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among older adults with cancer in the United States using the data from the 2012 and 2014 wave of the Health and Retirement Study. This analysis included 1799 older adults aged 65 and over with a self-reported diagnosis of cancer. Multivariate regression analysis was used to examine the predictors of depressive symptoms. The main predictors included age, gender, race, education, marital status, chronic conditions, and functional limitations.

RESULTS: Results revealed that the prevalence of depressive symptoms in older adults with cancer was 14.9\%. Results of Poisson regression revealed that greater age, belonging to a race other than White or African American, not being married, presence of more chronic conditions, and higher levels of functional limitations were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms.

DISCUSSION: The prevalence of depressive symptoms is high in older adults with cancer and several factors predict depressive symptoms in this population. Individuals who are at high risk of developing depressive symptoms should be identified and appropriate timely interventions should be initiated to reduce the rates of depressive symptoms in older adults with cancer.

}, keywords = {Cancer, Chronic conditions, depression, Depressive symptoms, Functional limitations, Older Adults}, issn = {1879-4076}, doi = {10.1016/j.jgo.2020.12.009}, author = {Parajuli, Jyotsana and Berish, Diane and Valenti, Korijna G and Jao, Ying-Ling} } @article {11720, title = {Proof of concept example for use of simulation to allow data pooling despite privacy restrictions.}, journal = {Epidemiology}, volume = {32}, year = {2021}, pages = {638-647}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Integrating results from multiple samples is often desirable, but privacy restrictions may preclude full data pooling, and most datasets do not include fully harmonized variable sets. We propose a simulation-based method leveraging partial information across datasets to guide creation of synthetic data, based on explicit assumptions about the underlying causal structure, that permits pooled analyses that adjust for all desired confounders in the context of privacy restrictions.

METHODS: This proof-of-concept project uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. We specified an estimand of interest and a directed acyclic graph (DAG) summarizing the presumed causal structure for the effect of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on cognitive change. We derived publicly reportable statistics to describe the joint distribution of each variable in our DAG. These summary estimates were used as data-generating rules to create synthetic datasets. After pooling, we imputed missing covariates in the synthetic datasets and used the synthetic data to estimate the pooled effect of HbA1c on cognitive change, adjusting for all desired covariates.

RESULTS: Distributions of covariates, as well as model coefficients and associated standard errors for our model estimating the effect of HbA1c on cognitive change were similar across cohort-specific original and pre-imputation synthetic data. The estimate from the pooled synthetic incorporates control for confounders measured in either original dataset.

DISCUSSION: Our approach has advantages over meta-analysis or individual-level pooling/data harmonization when privacy concerns preclude data sharing and key confounders are not uniformly measured across datasets.

}, keywords = {data pooling, Methodology, privacy restrictions}, issn = {1531-5487}, doi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000001373}, author = {Teresa Filshtein and Li, Xiang and Zimmerman, Scott C and Ackley, Sarah F and M. Maria Glymour and Melinda C Power} } @article {10042, title = {Patterns of social engagement among older adults with mild cognitive impairment.}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, volume = {75}, year = {2020}, pages = {1361-1371}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: Promoting engagement in social activities may be an intervention that prevents or delays cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, little is known about social engagement among people with mild cognitive impairment. We aim to examine patterns of social engagement among people with mild cognitive impairment and to assess whether factors under four domains of the WHO{\textquoteright}s ICF model (personal factors, environmental factors, body functions and structure, and health condition) associate with different patterns of social engagement.

METHOD: Data were drawn from the 2010 Health and Retirement Study. The final sample comprised 1,227 people with Cognitive Impairment No Dementia (CIND). Latent class analysis and multinomial logistic regression were utilized.

RESULTS: Three patterns of social engagement were identified: informal social engagement only, formal and informal social engagement, and low social engagement. Factors in each of the four ICF model domains were associated with the probability of class membership.

DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that social engagement is heterogeneous among people with CIND and that some groups of people with CIND have possibilities of engaging in more social activities, especially in formal social activities. Results also indicate that providing informal social resources may be essential for social programs designed specifically for people with CIND to promote their formal social engagement. Future study is needed to examine possible differences in outcomes across groups with similar patterns of social engagement.

}, keywords = {CIND, Cognition \& Reasoning, Health Conditions and Status, Social Support}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbz051}, author = {Amano, Takashi and Morrow-Howell, Nancy and So Jung Park} } @article {11305, title = {Perceived Everyday Age Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms:The Moderating Effect of Social Environment}, journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {4}, year = {2020}, pages = {872}, abstract = {Approximately 30\% of men and women in the United States have experienced age discrimination (Rippon, Zaninotto, \& Steptoe, 2015). Experiencing age discrimination may lead to increased risk of depressive symptoms among older adults. Although positive social environments are known to buffer depressive symptoms, it is unknown to what extent a positive social environment may buffer the association between age discrimination and depressive symptoms for older adults in the US. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between perceived age discrimination and depressive symptoms among older adults, and to explore whether this association varies by two aspects of the social environment: social support and neighborhood environment. We explore this topic with data on 5,439 adults aged 50 and older in a sample drawn from the Psychosocial Module of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 2016 wave). Our results show a clear association between age discrimination and increased risk of depressive symptoms, net of a range of covariates. Older adults who receive more positive social support and rate their neighborhood environment more positively also report lower depressive symptoms. Finally, we find statistically significant interactions between age discrimination and both measures of the social environment, which suggest that social support and a positive neighborhood environment may buffer the negative impact of age discrimination on depressive symptoms. We discuss these findings in light of the prevalence of age discrimination in the US and cross-nationally, and consider potential mechanisms for improving the social environment of older adults, particularly in the post-COVID era.}, keywords = {age discrimination, Depressive symptoms}, isbn = {2399-5300}, doi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3224}, author = {Park, Min Kyoung and Christine A Mair} } @article {doi:10.1080/01634372.2020.1760992, title = {Perceived Usefulness and Easiness of Information and Communication Technologies and Volunteering among Older Adults}, journal = {Journal of Gerontological Social Work}, volume = {63}, year = {2020}, note = {PMID: 32401174}, abstract = {ABSTRACTThis study investigates the association between older adults{\textquoteright} perception of usefulness and easiness (PUE) of Internet Communication and Technologies (ICTs) and volunteering, and if this association differs across their income status. Data were obtained from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), and the sample was restricted to respondents aged between 60 and 84 (N = 901) and who completed the 2012 HRS technology module. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to examine the independent and joint influence of PUE of ICTs and of low-income status on volunteering. The results show that only people with high PUE engaged in more than 100 hours of volunteering among older adults after controlling for covariates. The positive effect of high PUE was found to be more significant in the low-income group. This is the first known research to investigate the PUE of ICTs and volunteering among older adults. This study expands the knowledge of volunteering among older adults by exploring ICTs which can be considered as one of the most influential macrosocial changes in the current society. Moreover, our findings provide some insights and an empirical foundation in volunteering programs for older adults of different PUE levels.}, keywords = {Poverty, productive aging, Technology, Volunteerism}, issn = {0163-4372}, doi = {10.1080/01634372.2020.1760992}, author = {Joonyoung Cho and BoRin Kim and Jehoon Jeon and Sojung Park} } @article {doi:10.1177/0898264320912611, title = {Personal Mastery and the Medical, Financial, and Physical Cancer Burden: Gender and Race Differences Among Older Adults}, journal = {Journal of Aging and Health}, year = {2020}, note = {PMID: 32242759}, type = {Journal}, abstract = {Objectives: We explore how a new cancer diagnosis affects trajectories of personal mastery among non-Hispanic Black and White older adults. We estimate whether and how cancer therapy (chemotherapy, surgery, radiation), the amount and type of health care contacts, the financial burden, and the physical symptoms of cancer explain within- and between-gender differences in mastery. Method: Using the 2006{\textendash}2014 data from the Health and Retirement Study, we apply matching and multiple regression models testing mediating and moderating effects. Results: White men experience a substantially more pronounced decline in mastery after a cancer diagnosis than all women and Black men. Cancer treatment disproportionately decreases White men{\textquoteright}s mastery via exposure to health care settings. Discussion: Cultural norms of masculinity and femininity imbue cancer and its treatment with gender-specific meanings. Deference to medical authority and losses of independence, decision-making, and self-reliance are incompatible with masculinity and might affect mastery more adversely in older White men.}, keywords = {Cancer, Health Disparities, Intersectionality, Masculinity, Mastery}, doi = {10.1177/0898264320912611}, author = {Tetyana Pudrovska and Andriy Anishkin} } @article {10531, title = {Physical Activity and Insomnia Symptoms Over 10 Years in a U.S. National Sample of Late-Middle-Age and Older Adults: Age Matters}, journal = {Journal of Aging and Physical Activity}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Research suggests that physical activity may influence sleep, yet more research is needed before it can be considered a frontline treatment for insomnia. Less is known about how this relationship is moderated by age. Using multilevel modeling, we examined self-reported physical activity and insomnia symptoms in 18,078 respondents from the U.S. nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (2004{\textendash}2014). The mean baseline age was 64.7 years, with 53.9\% female. Individuals who reported more physical activity (B = -0.005, p < .001) had fewer insomnia symptoms. Over 10 years, the respondents reported fewer insomnia symptoms at times when they reported more physical activity than was average for them (B = -0.003, p < .001). Age moderated this relationship (B = 0.0002, p < .01). Although modest, these findings concur with the literature, suggesting moderate benefits of physical activity for sleep in older adults. Future research should aim to further elucidate this relationship among adults at advanced ages.}, keywords = {insomnia}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2018-0337}, author = {Amanda Sonnega and Amanda N Leggett and Renee Pepin and Shervin Assari} } @article {11340, title = {Positive Age Beliefs Lead to Lower Dementia Risk Even Among Older Persons With High-Risk Gene}, journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {4}, year = {2020}, pages = {597}, abstract = {One of the strongest risk factors for dementia is the ε4 variant of the APOE gene. Yet, many who carry it never develop dementia. The current study examined whether positive age beliefs that are acquired from the culture may reduce the risk of developing dementia among older individuals, including those who are APOE ε4 carriers. The cohort consisted of 4,765 Health and Retirement Study participants who were aged 60 or older and dementia-free at baseline. As predicted, in the total sample those with positive age beliefs at baseline were significantly less likely to develop dementia, after adjusting for relevant covariates. Among those with APOE ε4, those with positive age beliefs were 49.8\% less likely to develop dementia than those with negative age beliefs. The results of this study suggest that positive age beliefs, which are modifiable and have been found to reduce stress, can act as a protective factor, even for older individuals at high risk of dementia.}, keywords = {Age, Dementia, Positive beliefs}, isbn = {2399-5300}, doi = {10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2009}, author = {Becca R Levy and Martin D Slade and Robert H Pietrzak and Luigi Ferrucci} } @article {11031, title = {Post-Retirement Savings and Reduction of Consumer Debt}, year = {2020}, institution = {New York University}, address = {New York}, abstract = {Using comprehensive transaction-level panel data on personal finances, we document that individuals repay their consumer debt and save more after they retire. These findings are puzzling because standard economic theory predicts that people should save before, rather than after, the expected drop in income upon retirement. We consider a number of potential explanations for our findings, including a drop in work-related expenses and an increase in medical health risks around retirement, which are the leading explanations of the so-called retirement-consumption and retirement-savings puzzles. Our findings suggest these explanations are not empirically relevant and thereby inform the larger question of whether individuals save enough for retirement. Additionally, we rationalize our findings in a model with non-standard preferences}, keywords = {consumer debt, Retirement, Savings}, url = {https://wp.nyu.edu/sloan_nomis_project/wp-content/uploads/sites/7631/2020/08/RetirementCredit.pdf}, author = {Olafsson, Arna and Pagel, Michaela} } @article {Puterman201918455, title = {Predicting mortality from 57 economic, behavioral, social, and psychological factors}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In our prospective study using nationally representative data from 13,611 adults in the US Health and Retirement Study, we used traditional and machine-learning statistical approaches to reveal the most important factors across the behavioral and social sciences that predict mortality in older adults. In the study, we found that top predictors of mortality spanned all investigated domains, opening up opportunities for future hypothesis generation in observational and clinical studies and the identification of potential new targets for screening and policy.Behavioral and social scientists have identified many nonbiological predictors of mortality. An important limitation of much of this research, however, is that risk factors are not studied in comparison with one another or from across different fields of research. It therefore remains unclear which factors should be prioritized for interventions and policy to reduce mortality risk. In the current investigation, we compare 57 factors within a multidisciplinary framework. These include (i) adverse socioeconomic and psychosocial experiences during childhood and (ii) socioeconomic conditions, (iii) health behaviors, (iv) social connections, (v) psychological characteristics, and (vi) adverse experiences during adulthood. The current prospective cohort investigation with 13,611 adults from 52 to 104 y of age (mean age 69.3 y) from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study used weighted traditional (i.e., multivariate Cox regressions) and machine-learning (i.e., lasso, random forest analysis) statistical approaches to identify the leading predictors of mortality over 6 y of follow-up time. We demonstrate that, in addition to the well-established behavioral risk factors of smoking, alcohol abuse, and lack of physical activity, economic (e.g., recent financial difficulties, unemployment history), social (e.g., childhood adversity, divorce history), and psychological (e.g., negative affectivity) factors were also among the strongest predictors of mortality among older American adults. The strength of these predictors should be used to guide future transdisciplinary investigations and intervention studies across the fields of epidemiology, psychology, sociology, economics, and medicine to understand how changes in these factors alter individual mortality risk.}, keywords = {Behavioral Symptoms, Mortality, social, transdisciplinary}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1918455117}, author = {Puterman, Eli and Weiss, Jordan and Hives, Benjamin A. and Gemmill, Alison and Karasek, Deborah and Mendes, Wendy Berry and David Rehkopf} } @article {9551, title = {Purpose in Life Among Centenarian Offspring.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

Objectives: Purpose in life (PIL), a feeling of meaning and direction in life, is associated with favorable health outcomes including lower mortality and reduced risk of disease, disability, and cognitive impairment. Since centenarian offspring have been shown to have long health spans we sought to examine whether they have higher PIL than individuals without familial longevity.

Method: We compared PIL scores from the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being in centenarian offspring from the New England Centenarian Study (N=361, mean age=82.0 years) with three referent groups: spouses, birth cohort-matched referents, and Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants.

Results: Logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, education, and marital status indicated greater odds of high PIL among centenarian offspring compared with spouse (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.92, 95\% CI 1.002-3.68, p=.049) and birth cohort referents (aOR 2.64, 95\% CI 1.36-5.14, p=.004). Offspring had an almost three times greater odds of having high PIL than HRS participants (OR 2.93, 95\% CI 2.17-3.96, p<0.0001).

Discussion: Higher PIL is associated with being an offspring of a long-lived parent and may play a role in the ability to delay age-associated illnesses and functional decline. Increasing purposefulness may be a target for interventions to promote healthy aging.

}, keywords = {Adult children, Logistic Regression, Mortality, Multigenerational, Parents, Purpose in life}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gby023}, author = {Marone, Sarah and Bloore, Katherine and Sebastiani, Paola and Flynn, Christopher and Leonard, Brittany and Whitaker, Kelsey and Mostowy, Marilyn and Thomas T Perls and Andersen, Stacy L} } @article {9969, title = {Paths into sepsis: Trajectories of presepsis healthcare use.}, journal = {Annals of the American Thoracic Society}, volume = {16}, year = {2019}, month = {2019 Jan}, pages = {116-123}, abstract = {

RATIONALE: Sepsis is a leading cause of death and disability whose heterogeneity is often cited as a key impediment to translational progress.

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that there are consequential and significant differences in sepsis outcomes that result from differences in a patient{\textquoteright}s clinical course leading up to sepsis hospitalization.

METHODS: We conducted an observational cohort study of U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants in Medicare (1998-2012) and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs beneficiaries (2009). Using latent profile analysis, we identified patient subtypes based on trajectory of presepsis healthcare facility use. Subtypes were identified in the derivation cohort (1,512 sepsis hospitalizations among earlier HRS participants), then validated them in two additional cohorts (1,992 sepsis hospitalizations among later HRS participants; 32,525 sepsis hospitalizations among U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs beneficiaries). We measured the association between presepsis path and 90-day mortality using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS: We identified three subtypes: low use of inpatient healthcare facilities, comprising 84\% of the derivation cohort; rising use, 12\%; and high use, 4\%. The shape and distribution of presepsis trajectories were similar in all three cohorts. In the derivation cohort, 90-day mortality differed by presepsis trajectory as follows: 38\% (low use), 63\% (rising use), and 48\% (high use) (P < 0.001). This association persisted in the validation cohorts (P < 0.001 for each). The rising use class remained an independent predictor of mortality after adjustment for potential confounders, including detailed physiologic data.

CONCLUSIONS: In national cohorts of patients with sepsis, we have shown that several distinct paths into sepsis exist. These paths, identified by trajectories of presepsis healthcare use, are predictive of 90-day mortality.

}, keywords = {Hospitalization, Risk Factors, Sepsis}, issn = {2325-6621}, doi = {10.1513/AnnalsATS.201806-391OC}, author = {Hallie C Prescott and Alicia G Carmichael and Kenneth M. Langa and Gonzalez, Richard and Theodore J Iwashyna} } @article {10446, title = {PATTERNS OF WEALTH TRAJECTORY IN LATER LIFE: CRITICAL PERIOD, ACCUMULATION, AND SOCIAL MOBILITY MODELS}, journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {3}, year = {2019}, month = {2019/11/08}, pages = {S382 - S382}, abstract = {Wealth, an important financial cushion for older adults to buffer economic stress, requires a longer time to accumulate and develop in one{\textquoteright}s course of life. However, little is known about the trajectories of wealth in later life, and how the life course socioeconomic status (SES) may contribute to the development of wealth at old-age. This study investigated longitudinal patterns of wealth trajectory and whether SES across the life course affects these trajectories using critical period, accumulation, and social mobility models. Using data from 16,189 adults aged 51 and older from the 2004-2014 Health and Retirement Study, a growth mixture model was used to explore distinct wealth trajectories. Impacts of life course models were studied using multinomial logistic regression. Results showed that four heterogeneous latent classes of wealth were identified: Stable high (reference group), Low and increasing, Stable low, and High but decline. Disadvantaged adulthood SES, accumulated exposure to socioeconomic risks, and downward or persistent socioeconomic disadvantage over the life course were associated with Stable low, Low and increasing, and High but decline, supporting all three life course mechanisms on wealth development in later life. Evidence suggests that wealth development is heterogeneous across individuals, and a strong gradient effect of life-course SES on wealth trajectories are clearly observed. Programs and policies should address the effects of life course on wealth development to strengthen the economic well-being in later life.}, keywords = {modeling, social mobility, Wealth, wealth trajectory}, isbn = {2399-5300}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6840301/}, author = {Chen, Yu-Chih and So Jung Park and Morrow-Howell, Nancy} } @article {10043, title = {Person-environment fit approach to trajectories of cognitive function among older adults who live alone: Intersection of life-course SES disadvantage and senior housing.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: Drawing from life course and environmental perspectives, we examined the trajectory of cognitive function and how senior housing moderates the effects of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) disadvantage among older people living alone over time.

METHOD: Six waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used with multilevel growth modeling to analyze developmental patterns of cognitive function over time and how various forms of life-course SES disadvantage affect cognitive function depending on senior housing residency status.

RESULTS: At baseline, we found a positive role of senior housing in four subgroups: SES disadvantage in childhood only, unstable mobility pattern (disadvantage in childhood and old age only), downward mobility (no disadvantage in childhood, but in later two life stages), and cumulative disadvantage (all three life stages). Over time, the positive role of senior housing for the unstable and the most vulnerable group persisted.

DISCUSSION: Our findings provide a much-needed practical and theoretical underpinning for environmental policy-making efforts regarding vulnerable elders who live alone.

}, keywords = {Cognition \& Reasoning, Housing, Living arrangements, Socioeconomic factors}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbz025}, author = {So Jung Park and Kwon, Eunsun and BoRin Kim and Han, Yoonsun} } @article {10216, title = {Poverty report links wealth to life expectancy}, journal = {Prince George Citizen}, year = {2019}, note = {Name - Senate-Budget, Committee on the; Government Accountability Office; University of Chicago; University of Michigan; Copyright - Copyright Postmedia Network Inc. Sep 17, 2019; People - Sanders, Bernard; Last updated - 2019-09-18}, address = {British Columbia}, abstract = {Poorer Americans are much less likely to survive into their 70s and 80s than rich Americans, a stark lifeexpectancy divide compounded by the nation{\textquoteright}s growing disparities in wealth, according to a U.S. report. Over three-quarters of the richest 50-somethings in 1991 were still alive 23 years later, in 2014, the report found. But among the poorest 20 per cent of that cohort, the survival rate was less than 50 per cent, according to the analysis by the Government Accountability Office, a nonpartisan congressional research agency. The report finds that while average life expectancy increased over that period, it "has not increased uniformly across all income groups, and people who have lower incomes tend to have shorter lives than those with higher incomes."}, keywords = {americans, Bernard, compounded, divide, General Interest Periodicals{\textendash}United States, Home ownership, Households, Income distribution, Life Expectancy, Mongolia, Sanders, stark, survive, United States{\textendash}US, Virginia, West Virginia}, url = {https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2292028778?accountid=14667} } @article {Barnes2019, title = {The propensity for aggressive behavior and lifetime incarceration risk: A test for gene-environment interaction (G {\texttimes} E) using whole-genome data}, journal = {Aggression and Violent Behavior}, volume = {49}, year = {2019}, note = {cited By 0}, abstract = {Incarceration is a disruptive event that is experienced by a considerable proportion of the United States population. Research has identified social factors that predict incarceration risk, but scholars have called for a focus on the ways that individual differences combine with social factors to affect incarceration risk. Our study is an initial attempt to heed this call using whole-genome data. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (N = 6716) to construct a genome-wide measure of genetic propensity for aggressive behavior and use it to predict lifetime incarceration risk. We find that participants with a higher genetic propensity for aggression are more likely to experience incarceration, but the effect is stronger for males than females. Importantly, we identify a gene-environment interaction (G {\texttimes} E){\textemdash}genetic propensity is reduced, substantively and statistically, to a non-significant predictor for males raised in homes where at least one parent graduated high school. We close by placing these findings in the broader context of concerns that have been raised about genetics research in criminology. {\textcopyright} 2019}, keywords = {Adult, aggression, controlled study, criminology, Female, genetic association, genetic risk score, genetic susceptibility, genotype environment interaction, high school, human, major clinical study, Male, mental capacity, Retirement, review}, issn = {13591789}, doi = {10.1016/j.avb.2019.07.002}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359178919300631}, author = {Barnes, J.C. and Hexuan Liu and Motz, R.T. and Tanksley, P.T. and Kail, R. and Beckley, A.L. and Daniel W. Belsky and Benjamin W Domingue and Terrie E Moffitt and Pratt, T.C. and Wertz, J.} } @article {10068, title = {Purpose in life protects against cognitive decline among older adults.}, journal = {American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry}, volume = {27}, year = {2019}, pages = {593-601}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether having a sense of purpose in life protects against cognitive decline among older adults and whether purpose in life moderates the relationship between selected risk factors (age, sex, and race/ethnicity) and cognitive abilities.

METHODS: This was a longitudinal analysis of existing secondary data of adults (N = 11,557) aged 50 or older using the 2006-2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. The study measured purpose in life, cognitive functioning score, and various covariates.

RESULTS: Growth curve modeling revealed that, after adjusting for covariates, purpose in life was positively associated with participants{\textquoteright} total cognition scores. Purpose in life significantly moderated the relationship between age and race/ethnicity and cognitive decline. Further, purpose in life was a protective factor against cognitive decline for those who were older and black. There was no significant interaction between purpose in life and sex.

CONCLUSION: Having a purposeful life protects against cognitive decline in older adults, and the associations varied by age and race/ethnicity, but not by sex. Potential ways to increase purpose in life are discussed in a clinical context.

}, keywords = {Cognition \& Reasoning, Purpose in life}, issn = {1545-7214}, doi = {10.1016/j.jagp.2019.01.010}, author = {Kim, Giyeon and Su Hyun Shin and Monica A Scicolone and Patricia Parmelee} } @article {9497, title = {Positive age beliefs protect against dementia even among elders with high-risk gene}, journal = {PLOS ONE}, volume = {13}, year = {2018}, pages = {e0191004}, abstract = {One of the strongest risk factors for dementia is the ε4 variant of the APOE gene. Yet, many who carry it never develop dementia. The current study examined for the first time whether positive age beliefs that are acquired from the culture may reduce the risk of developing dementia among older individuals, including those who are APOE ε4 carriers. The cohort consisted of 4,765 Health and Retirement Study participants who were aged 60 or older and dementia-free at baseline. As predicted, in the total sample those with positive age beliefs at baseline were significantly less likely to develop dementia, after adjusting for relevant covariates. Among those with APOE ε4, those with positive age beliefs were 49.8\% less likely to develop dementia than those with negative age beliefs. The results of this study suggest that positive age beliefs, which are modifiable and have been found to reduce stress, can act as a protective factor, even for older individuals at high risk of dementia. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose.
}, keywords = {APoE4, Dementia, Optimism, Positive beliefs, Risk Factors}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191004}, author = {Becca R Levy and Martin D Slade and Robert H Pietrzak and Luigi Ferrucci}, editor = {Stephen D. Ginsberg} } @article {9462, title = {Postretirement work and volunteering by poverty groups informed by role theory.}, journal = {Journal of Gerontological Social Work}, volume = {61}, year = {2018}, pages = {243-260}, abstract = {This study uses role theory to examine the association between postretirement work and volunteering among retirees and to determine whether this association varies across poverty status. Data came from the 2012 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The sample was restricted to respondents of older retirees (N = 6,619). We found that postretirement work positively influenced volunteering. However, poverty can be a risk factor of volunteering among older retirees. The positive effect of post-retirement work was found to be more significant in the near-poverty group. We provide an empirical foundation to help inform volunteer programs for retirees.}, keywords = {Volunteerism}, issn = {1540-4048}, doi = {10.1080/01634372.2017.1416719}, author = {Joonyoung Cho and BoRin Kim and So Jung Park and Jang, Jakyung} } @article {9584, title = {Productive aging via volunteering: Does social cohesion influence level of engagement?}, journal = {Journal of Gerontological Social Work}, volume = {61}, year = {2018}, abstract = {This study investigated whether neighborhood social cohesion influenced volunteer intensity over two years. The sample was drawn from Health and Retirement Study respondents who completed the 2010 or 2012 Psychosocial and Lifestyle Questionnaire (n = 12,929). Results showed that compared to nonvolunteers, a one-unit increase in neighborhood social cohesion increased the odds of moderate (OR: 1.07, p < .05) and high volunteering (OR: 1.10, p < .001). However, other productive roles, social contact, and education were significant in distinguishing high intensity from moderate volunteering while neighborhood social cohesion was not. Social workers should consider the neighborhood environment when recruiting volunteers.}, keywords = {Neighborhoods, Social Support, Volunteerism}, issn = {1540-4048}, doi = {10.1080/01634372.2018.1467523}, author = {Kimberly J. Johnson and Kenzie Latham-Mintus and Judith L Poey} } @article {9526, title = {Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity.}, journal = {Nat Genet}, volume = {50}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 Jan}, pages = {26-41}, abstract = {

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, noncoding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5\%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which 8 variants were in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2 and ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, 2 variants were in genes (MC4R and KSR2) previously observed~to be mutated in extreme obesity and 2 variants were in GIPR. The effect sizes of rare variants are ~10 times larger than those of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R mutation introducing a stop codon (p.Tyr35Ter, MAF = 0.01\%), who weighed ~7 kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses based on the variants associated with BMI~confirm enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically supported therapeutic targets in obesity.

}, issn = {1546-1718}, doi = {10.1038/s41588-017-0011-x}, author = {Turcot, Val{\'e}rie and Lu, Yingchang and Highland, Heather M and Schurmann, Claudia and Justice, Anne E and Fine, Rebecca S and Bradfield, Jonathan P and T{\~o}nu Esko and Giri, Ayush and Graff, Mariaelisa and Guo, Xiuqing and Hendricks, Audrey E and Karaderi, Tugce and Lempradl, Adelheid and Locke, Adam E and Mahajan, Anubha and Marouli, Eirini and Sivapalaratnam, Suthesh and Young, Kristin L and Alfred, Tamuno and Feitosa, Mary F and Masca, Nicholas G D and Alisa Manning and Medina-Gomez, Carolina and Mudgal, Poorva and Ng, Maggie C Y and Reiner, Alex P and Vedantam, Sailaja and Willems, Sara M and Thomas W Winkler and Gon{\c c}alo R Abecasis and Aben, Katja K and Alam, Dewan S and Alharthi, Sameer E and Matthew A. Allison and Amouyel, Philippe and Asselbergs, Folkert W and Auer, Paul L and Balkau, Beverley and Bang, Lia E and Barroso, In{\^e}s and Bastarache, Lisa and Benn, Marianne and Bergmann, Sven and Bielak, Lawrence F and Bl{\"u}her, Matthias and Boehnke, Michael and Boeing, Heiner and Boerwinkle, Eric and B{\"o}ger, Carsten A and Bork-Jensen, Jette and Bots, Michiel L and Erwin P Bottinger and Bowden, Donald W and Brandslund, Ivan and Breen, Gerome and Brilliant, Murray H and Broer, Linda and Brumat, Marco and Burt, Amber A and Adam S Butterworth and Campbell, Peter T and Cappellani, Stefania and Carey, David J and Catamo, Eulalia and Caulfield, Mark J and Chambers, John C and Daniel I Chasman and Yii-Der I Chen and Chowdhury, Rajiv and Cramer Christensen and Chu, Audrey Y and Cocca, Massimiliano and Collins, Francis S and Cook, James P and Corley, Janie and Jordi Corominas Galbany and Cox, Amanda J and Crosslin, David S and Cuellar-Partida, Gabriel and D{\textquoteright}Eustacchio, Angela and Danesh, John and Gail Davies and Bakker, Paul I W and Groot, Mark C H and Mutsert, Ren{\'e}e and Ian J Deary and George Dedoussis and Ellen W Demerath and Heijer, Martin and Anneke I den Hollander and Hester M den Ruijter and Joe G Dennis and Denny, Josh C and Angelantonio, Emanuele and Drenos, Fotios and Du, Mengmeng and Dub{\'e}, Marie-Pierre and Dunning, Alison M and Easton, Douglas F and Edwards, Todd L and Ellinghaus, David and Ellinor, Patrick T and Elliott, Paul and Evangelou, Evangelos and Farmaki, Aliki-Eleni and Farooqi, I Sadaf and Jessica Faul and Fauser, Sascha and Feng, Shuang and Ferrannini, Ele and Ferri{\`e}res, Jean and Florez, Jose C and Ford, Ian and Myriam Fornage and Franco, Oscar H and Franke, Andre and Franks, Paul W and Friedrich, Nele and Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth and Galesloot, Tessel E and Gan, Wei and Gandin, Ilaria and Paolo P. Gasparini and Gibson, Jane and Giedraitis, Vilmantas and Gjesing, Anette P and Gordon-Larsen, Penny and Gorski, Mathias and Hans-J{\"o}rgen Grabe and Grant, Struan F A and Grarup, Niels and Griffiths, Helen L and Grove, Megan L and Gudnason, Vilmundur and Gustafsson, Stefan and Jeffrey Haessler and Hakonarson, Hakon and Anke R Hammerschlag and Hansen, Torben and Tamara B Harris and Andrew T Hattersley and Have, Christian T and Caroline Hayward and He, Liang and Heard-Costa, Nancy L and Andrew C Heath and Iris M Heid and Helgeland, {\O}yvind and Hernesniemi, Jussi and Hewitt, Alex W and Oddgeir L Holmen and Hovingh, G Kees and Howson, Joanna M M and Hu, Yao and Huang, Paul L and Huffman, Jennifer E and Mohammed Arfan Ikram and Ingelsson, Erik and Jackson, Anne U and Jansson, Jan-H{\r a}kan and Jarvik, Gail P and Jensen, Gorm B and Jia, Yucheng and Johansson, Stefan and J{\o}rgensen, Marit E and J{\o}rgensen, Torben and Jukema, J Wouter and Kahali, Bratati and Kahn, Ren{\'e} S and K{\"a}h{\"o}nen, Mika and Kamstrup, Pia R and Kanoni, Stavroula and Kaprio, Jaakko and Karaleftheri, Maria and Sharon L R Kardia and Karpe, Fredrik and Kathiresan, Sekar and Kee, Frank and Lambertus A Kiemeney and Eric S Kim and Kitajima, Hidetoshi and Komulainen, Pirjo and Kooner, Jaspal S and Charles Kooperberg and Korhonen, Tellervo and Kovacs, Peter and Kuivaniemi, Helena and Kutalik, Zolt{\'a}n and Kuulasmaa, Kari and Kuusisto, Johanna and Laakso, Markku and Lakka, Timo A and Lamparter, David and Lange, Ethan M and Leslie A Lange and Langenberg, Claudia and Eric B Larson and Lee, Nanette R and Lehtim{\"a}ki, Terho and Lewis, Cora E and Li, Huaixing and Li, Jin and Li-Gao, Ruifang and Lin, Honghuang and Lin, Keng-Hung and Lin, Li-An and Lin, Xu and Lars Lind and Lindstr{\"o}m, Jaana and Linneberg, Allan and Liu, Ching-Ti and Liu, Dajiang J and Yongmei Liu and Ken Sin Lo and Lophatananon, Artitaya and Lotery, Andrew J and Loukola, Anu and Luan, Jian{\textquoteright}an and Lubitz, Steven A and Lyytik{\"a}inen, Leo-Pekka and M{\"a}nnist{\"o}, Satu and Marenne, Ga{\"e}lle and Mazul, Angela L and McCarthy, Mark I and McKean-Cowdin, Roberta and Sarah E Medland and Meidtner, Karina and Lili Milani and Mistry, Vanisha and Mitchell, Paul and Mohlke, Karen L and Moilanen, Leena and Moitry, Marie and Grant W Montgomery and Dennis O Mook-Kanamori and Moore, Carmel and Mori, Trevor A and Morris, Andrew D and Morris, Andrew P and M{\"u}ller-Nurasyid, Martina and Munroe, Patricia B and Michael A Nalls and Narisu, Narisu and Nelson, Christopher P and Neville, Matt and Sune Fallgaard Nielsen and Nikus, Kjell and Nj{\o}lstad, P{\r a}l R and B{\o}rge G Nordestgaard and Nyholt, Dale R and Jeff O{\textquoteright}Connell and O{\textquoteright}Donoghue, Michelle L and Ophoff, Roel A and Owen, Katharine R and Packard, Chris J and Padmanabhan, Sandosh and Palmer, Colin N A and Palmer, Nicholette D and Pasterkamp, Gerard and Patel, Aniruddh P and Pattie, Alison and Pedersen, Oluf and Peissig, Peggy L and Peloso, Gina M and Pennell, Craig E and Markus Perola and Perry, James A and Perry, John R B and Pers, Tune H and Person, Thomas N and Peters, Annette and Petersen, Eva R B and Peyser, Patricia A and Pirie, Ailith and Polasek, Ozren and Tinca J Polderman and Puolijoki, Hannu and Olli T Raitakari and Rasheed, Asif and Rauramaa, Rainer and Reilly, Dermot F and Renstrom, Frida and Rheinberger, Myriam and Ridker, Paul M and Rioux, John D and Rivas, Manuel A and Roberts, David J and Neil R Robertson and Robino, Antonietta and Rolandsson, Olov and Rudan, Igor and Ruth, Katherine S and Saleheen, Danish and Veikko Salomaa and Nilesh J Samani and Sapkota, Yadav and Sattar, Naveed and Schoen, Robert E and Schreiner, Pamela J and Schulze, Matthias B and Scott, Robert A and Segura-Lepe, Marcelo P and Svati H Shah and Sheu, Wayne H-H and Sim, Xueling and Slater, Andrew J and Small, Kerrin S and Albert Vernon Smith and Southam, Lorraine and Timothy Spector and Elizabeth K Speliotes and John M Starr and Stefansson, Kari and Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur and Kathleen E Stirrups and Strauch, Konstantin and Heather M Stringham and Stumvoll, Michael and Sun, Liang and Surendran, Praveen and Swift, Amy J and Tada, Hayato and Tansey, Katherine E and Tardif, Jean-Claude and Kent D Taylor and Teumer, Alexander and Thompson, Deborah J and Thorleifsson, Gudmar and Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur and Thuesen, Betina H and T{\"o}njes, Anke and Tromp, Gerard and Trompet, Stella and Tsafantakis, Emmanouil and Tuomilehto, Jaakko and Tybjaerg-Hansen, Anne and Tyrer, Jonathan P and Uher, Rudolf and Andr{\'e} G Uitterlinden and Uusitupa, Matti and Laan, Sander W and Duijn, Cornelia M and Leeuwen, Nienke and van Setten, Jessica and Vanhala, Mauno and Varbo, Anette and Varga, Tibor V and Varma, Rohit and Digna R Velez Edwards and Vermeulen, Sita H and Veronesi, Giovanni and Vestergaard, Henrik and Vitart, Veronique and Vogt, Thomas F and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and Vuckovic, Dragana and Wagenknecht, Lynne E and Walker, Mark and Wallentin, Lars and Wang, Feijie and Wang, Carol A and Wang, Shuai and Wang, Yiqin and Erin B Ware and Wareham, Nicholas J and Warren, Helen R and Dawn M Waterworth and Wessel, Jennifer and White, Harvey D and Willer, Cristen J and Wilson, James G and Daniel Witte and Andrew R Wood and Wu, Ying and Yaghootkar, Hanieh and Yao, Jie and Yao, Pang and Laura M Yerges-Armstrong and Young, Robin and Zeggini, Eleftheria and Zhan, Xiaowei and Zhang, Weihua and Wei Zhao and Zhou, Wei and Krina T Zondervan and Rotter, Jerome I and Pospisilik, John A and Fernando Rivadeneira and Ingrid B Borecki and Deloukas, Panos and Timothy M Frayling and Lettre, Guillaume and Kari E North and Lindgren, Cecilia M and Joel N Hirschhron and Ruth J F Loos} } @article {8950, title = {Personality and Employment Transitions at Older Ages: Direct and Indirect Effects through Non-Monetary Job Characteristics}, journal = {Labour}, volume = {31}, year = {2017}, pages = {127-152}, abstract = {We study whether individuals with different personality traits systematically exhibit different retirement trajectories. We find weak direct associations between personality and employment transitions. On the other hand, personality does contribute indirectly to these transitions by moderating the effects of non-monetary job characteristics. Specifically, workers with different traits are observed to follow different retirement paths when faced with similar physical demands, computer skills requirements, job flexibility, and age discrimination in the workplace. Contrary with other economic domains, conscientiousness does not have the strongest association with retirement; the other components of the Big Five personality traits show more salient patterns.}, keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Jobs, Older Adults, Personality}, doi = {10.1111/labr.12090}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/labr.12090http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1111/labr.12090/fullpdfhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111\%2Flabr.12090}, author = {Marco Angrisani and Michael D Hurd and Erik Meijer and Andrew M Parker and Susann Rohwedder} } @article {5706, title = {Pension Estimation Program Users Guide}, year = {2016}, institution = {University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, abstract = {Periodically, the HRS obtains pension Summary Plan Descriptions (SPDs) from the employers of study respondents1. These SPDs are then analyzed and coded, and the plan description data, along with specific data from the respondents, are analyzed using a software product known as the Pension Estimation Program. This program is designed to estimate the pension entitlements held by respondents of the HRS, based on the plan formulas and benefit provisions obtained from the linked sample of pension providers. The Pension Estimation Program uses systems of equations to represent each of the pension plans, including all benefit formulas and payment provisions. These equations, in turn, use as input work and income histories of the respondents. For a given set of assumptions, the program calculates the appropriate pension entitlements, and generates output data files for subsequent analysis. This is the documentation for the current (April 2016) version of the pension estimation program which replaces all previous versions. Researchers may wish to examine the Pension Coding Program Users Guide for information on HRS coding procedures.}, keywords = {Methodology, Pensions}, author = {Fang, Chichun and Amy Butchart and Helena Stolyarova and Michael A. Nolte and Robert Peticolas} } @article {8876, title = {Personality Polygenes, Positive Affect, and Life Satisfaction.}, journal = {Twin Res Hum Genet}, volume = {19}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Oct}, pages = {407-17}, abstract = {

Approximately half of the variation in wellbeing measures overlaps with variation in personality traits. Studies of non-human primate pedigrees and human twins suggest that this is due to common genetic influences. We tested whether personality polygenic scores for the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) domains and for item response theory (IRT) derived extraversion and neuroticism scores predict variance in wellbeing measures. Polygenic scores were based on published genome-wide association (GWA) results in over 17,000 individuals for the NEO-FFI and in over 63,000 for the IRT extraversion and neuroticism traits. The NEO-FFI polygenic scores were used to predict life satisfaction in 7 cohorts, positive affect in 12 cohorts, and general wellbeing in 1 cohort (maximal N = 46,508). Meta-analysis of these results showed no significant association between NEO-FFI personality polygenic scores and the wellbeing measures. IRT extraversion and neuroticism polygenic scores were used to predict life satisfaction and positive affect in almost 37,000 individuals from UK Biobank. Significant positive associations (effect sizes <0.05\%) were observed between the extraversion polygenic score and wellbeing measures, and a negative association was observed between the polygenic neuroticism score and life satisfaction. Furthermore, using GWA data, genetic correlations of -0.49 and -0.55 were estimated between neuroticism with life satisfaction and positive affect, respectively. The moderate genetic correlation between neuroticism and wellbeing is in line with twin research showing that genetic influences on wellbeing are also shared with other independent personality domains.

}, keywords = {Genetics, Happiness, Polygenic Prediction, SSGAC, Well-being}, issn = {1832-4274}, doi = {10.1017/thg.2016.65}, author = {Weiss, Alexander and Baselmans, Bart M L and Edith Hofer and Yang, Jingyun and Okbay, Aysu and Penelope A Lind and Michael B Miller and Ilja M Nolte and Wei Zhao and Hagenaars, Saskia P and Jouke-Jan Hottenga and Lindsay K Matteson and Snieder, Harold and Jessica Faul and Catharina A Hartman and Patricia A. Boyle and Henning Tiemeier and Mosing, Miriam A and Pattie, Alison and Gail Davies and David C Liewald and Schmidt, Reinhold and Philip L de Jager and Andrew C Heath and Markus Jokela and John M Starr and Oldehinkel, Albertine J and Johannesson, Magnus and Cesarini, David and Hofman, Albert and Sarah E Harris and Jennifer A Smith and Keltikangas-J{\"a}rvinen, Liisa and Pulkki-Raback, Laura and Schmidt, Helena and Jacqui Smith and Iacono, William G and McGue, Matt and David A Bennett and Nancy L Pedersen and Patrik K E Magnusson and Ian J Deary and Nicholas G Martin and Dorret I Boomsma and Bartels, Meike and Luciano, Michelle} } @article {6505, title = {Polygenic Risk of Schizophrenia and Cognition in a Population-Based Survey of Older Adults}, journal = {Schizophrenia Bulletin}, volume = {42}, year = {2016}, pages = {984-991}, chapter = {984}, abstract = {Cognitive impairment is a common feature of the major psychotic disorders, with deficits often present in at risk individuals and unaffected first-degree relatives. Previous studies have suggested that polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia (SCZ) are associated with cognitive deficits, but there has been little examination of this association in longitudinal datasets, or comparison with other disorders. We used mixed models to study the association between PRS for 4 adult onset psychiatric disorders with cross-sectional cognitive performance and longitudinal cognitive decline in 8616 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), followed for an average of 10 years. PRS were computed for SCZ, bipolar disorder (BD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and Alzheimer s disease (ALZ). SCZ PRS associated with decreased cognitive function (z = 3.00, P = .001, R 2 = 0.04 ), which was largely driven by an association with impaired attention and orientation (z = 3.33, P = 4.3 10 4, R 2 = 0.08 ). We found no effect of BD or MDD PRS on cognition, in contrast to a robust effect of the APOE4/TOMM40 locus (z = 5.05, P = 2.2 10 7, R 2 = 0.36 ), which was primarily associated with impaired verbal memory (z = 5.15, P = 1.3 10 7, R 2 = 0.21 ). APOE4/TOMM40 locus and the ALZ PRS, but not the PRS for SCZ, were associated with greater cognitive decline. In summary, using a large, representative sample of older adults, we found evidence for different degrees of association between polygenic risk for SCZ and genetic risk factors for ALZ on cognitive function and decline, highlighting potential differences in the pathophysiology of cognitive deficits seen in SCZ and ALZ.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status}, doi = {10.1093/schbul/sbw001}, url = {http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/02/11/schbul.sbw001.abstract}, author = {Liebers, David T. and Pirooznia, Mehdi and Seiffudin, Fayaz and Musliner, Katherine L. and Zandi, Peter P. and Goes, Fernando S.} } @article {6506, title = {Predictors of New Onset Sleep Medication and Treatment Utilization Among Older Adults in the United States}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences}, volume = {71}, year = {2016}, pages = {954-960}, chapter = {954}, abstract = {Background. Sleep disturbances are common among older adults resulting in frequent sleep medication utilization, though these drugs are associated with a number of risks. We examine rates and predictors of new prescription sleep medications and sleep treatments, as well as sleep treatments without a doctor s recommendation.Methods. Participants were 8,417 adults aged 50 and older from two waves of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who were not using a sleep medication or treatment at baseline (2006). Logistic regression analyses are run with sociodemographic, health, and mental health factors as predictors of three outcomes: new prescription medication use, sleep treatment use, and sleep treatment out of a doctor s recommendation in 2010.Results. New sleep medication prescriptions were started by 7.68 , 12.62 started using a new sleep treatment, and 31.93 were using the treatment outside of their doctor s recommendation. Common predictors included greater severity of insomnia, worsening insomnia, older age, and use of psychiatric medications. New prescription medication use was also associated with poorer mental and physical health, whereas new sleep treatment was associated with being White, higher educated, and drinking less alcohol.Conclusions. Starting a new prescription sleep medication may reflect poorer health and higher health care utilization, whereas beginning a sleep treatment may reflect an individual s awareness of treatments and determination to treat their problem. Clinicians should be aware of predictors of new sleep medication and treatment users and discuss various forms of treatment or behavioral changes to help patients best manage sleep disturbance.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status}, doi = {10.1093/gerona/glv227}, url = {http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/01/10/gerona.glv227.abstract}, author = {Amanda N Leggett and Renee Pepin and Amanda Sonnega and Shervin Assari} } @article {8474, title = {Promoting and Protecting Against Stigma in Assisted Living and Nursing Homes.}, journal = {Gerontologist}, volume = {56}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 06}, pages = {535-47}, abstract = {

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To determine the extent to which structures and processes of care in multilevel settings (independent living, assisted living, and nursing homes) result in stigma in assisted living and nursing homes.

DESIGN AND METHODS: Ethnographic in-depth interviews were conducted in 5 multilevel settings with 256 residents, families, and staff members. Qualitative analyses identified the themes that resulted when examining text describing either structures of care or processes of care in relation to 7 codes associated with stigma.

RESULTS: Four themes related to structures of care and stigma were identified, including the physical environment, case mix, staff training, and multilevel settings; five themes related to processes of care and stigma, including dining, independence, respect, privacy, and care provision. For each theme, examples were identified illustrating how structures and processes of care can potentially promote or protect against stigma.

IMPLICATIONS: In no instance were examples or themes identified that suggested the staff intentionally promoted stigma; on the other hand, there was indication that some structures and processes were intentionally in place to protect against stigma. Perhaps the most important theme is the stigma related to multilevel settings, as it has the potential to reduce individuals{\textquoteright} likelihood to seek and accept necessary care. Results suggest specific recommendations to modify care and reduce stigma.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Anthropology, Cultural, Assisted Living Facilities, Attitude of Health Personnel, Female, Humans, Male, Nursing homes, Prejudice, Social Stigma}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnu058}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24928555}, author = {Zimmerman, Sheryl and Dobbs, Debra and Roth, Erin G and Goldman, Susan and Peeples, Amanda D and Wallace, Brandy} } @article {8531, title = {The Protective Effects of Religiosity on Depression: A 2-Year Prospective Study.}, journal = {Gerontologist}, volume = {56}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 06}, pages = {421-31}, abstract = {

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Approximately 20\% of older adults are diagnosed with depression in the United States. Extant research suggests that engagement in religious activity, or religiosity, may serve as a protective factor against depression. This prospective study examines whether religiosity protects against depression and/or aids in recovery.

DESIGN AND METHODS: Study data are drawn from the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. The sample consists of 1,992 depressed and 5,740 nondepressed older adults (mean age = 68.12 years), at baseline (2006), for an overall sample size of 7,732. Logistic regressions analyzed the relationship between organizational (service attendance), nonorganizational (private prayer), and intrinsic measures of religiosity and depression onset (in the baseline nondepressed group) and depression recovery (in the baseline depressed group) at follow-up (2008), controlling for other baseline factors.

RESULTS: Religiosity was found to both protect against and help individuals recover from depression. Individuals not depressed at baseline remained nondepressed 2 years later if they frequently attended religious services, whereas those depressed at baseline were less likely to be depressed at follow-up if they more frequently engaged in private prayer.

IMPLICATIONS: Findings suggest that both organizational and nonorganizational forms of religiosity affect depression outcomes in different circumstances (i.e., onset and recovery, respectively). Important strategies to prevent and relieve depression among older adults may include improving access and transportation to places of worship among those interested in attending services and facilitating discussions about religious activities and beliefs with clinicians.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aging, depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Religion, Religion and Psychology, Social Support, Spirituality, United States}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnu073}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25063937}, author = {Corina R Ronneberg and Edward Alan Miller and Dugan, Elizabeth and Frank Porell} } @article {8344, title = {Psychological and Functional Vulnerability Predicts Fraud Cases in Older Adults: Results of a Longitudinal Study}, journal = {CLINICAL GERONTOLOGIST}, volume = {39}, year = {2016}, pages = {48}, publisher = {39}, abstract = {Using cross sectional data Psychological vulnerability was identified as a correlate of older adults being defrauded. We extend that research by examining fraud prevalence using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, and to identify the best predictors of fraud longitudinally across a 4-year time frame. Whereas reported fraud prevalence was 5.0 in a 5-year look-back period in 2008, it increased to 6.1 in 2012. The rate of new-incident fraud across only a 4-year look-back was 4.3 . Being younger-old, having a higher level of education, and having more depression significantly predicted the new cases of fraud reported in 2012. Psychological vulnerability was a potent longitudinal predictor of fraud, with the most vulnerable individuals being more than twice as likely to be defrauded. Results indicate that fraud victimization among older adults is rising, and that vulnerability variables, along with some demographic variables, predict new cases of fraud.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Net Worth and Assets, Public Policy}, author = {Peter A Lichtenberg and Sugarman, Michael A. and Daniel Paulson and Ficker, Lisa J. and Rahman-Filipiak, Annalise} } @article {8304, title = {Patterns of Weight Gain in Middle-Aged and Older US Adults, 1992-2010}, journal = {Epidemiology}, volume = {26}, year = {2015}, note = {Times Cited: 0 0}, pages = {165-168}, publisher = {26}, abstract = {Background: Cross-sectional analyses of national data have found that persons with high baseline body mass index (BMI) gain weight faster than persons at the median and that those whose weight was below the median gain very little weight. However, it is not clear whether these population-level changes reflect patterns at the individual level. Methods: We examined longitudinal changes in BMI in initially underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese US men and women using individual-level repeat data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 15,895; age range, 40-69 years at baseline). Linear mixed-effect regression was used to model 6-year change in self-reported BMI during 4 study periods (1992/1994-1998/2000, 1996/1998-2002/2004, 2000/2002-2006/2008, and 2004-2010). Results: In the first 6-year period, the mean increase in BMI was greatest among persons who were initially normal weight (0.3 kg/m(2) 95 confidence interval = 0.2 to 0.4 ) and overweight (0.2 kg/m(2) 0.1 to 0.3 ). Weight gain accelerated in these groups with each subsequent period. Weight gain was less for initially class-I obese participants, and a net decrease in BMI was observed for class-II obese participants. Conclusion: These analyses suggest that the change in mean BMI among middle-aged and older US adults between 1992 and 2010 resulted mainly from accelerated weight gain among persons who were initially normal weight and overweight.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status}, doi = {10.1097/ede.0000000000000228}, author = {Stenholm, Sari and Vahtera, Jussi and Ichiro Kawachi and Pentti, Jaana and Halonen, Jaana I. and Westerlund, Hugo and Razak, Fahad and S. V. Subramanian and Mika Kivim{\"a}ki} } @article {8257, title = {The Paulson-Lichtenberg Frailty Index: evidence for a self-report measure of frailty.}, journal = {Aging Ment Health}, volume = {19}, year = {2015}, note = {Export Date: 20 January 2015 Article in Press}, month = {2015}, pages = {892-901}, publisher = {19}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the Paulson-Lichtenberg Frailty Index (PLFI), a self-report measure that is based on Fried{\textquoteright}s well-established frailty phenotype. The PLFI is examined using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) database, for which it was developed.

METHODS: The sample was drawn from the HRS and included 8844 community-dwelling older adults. Frailty was measured using the PLFI{\textquoteright}s five-item frailty index (wasting, weakness, slowness, falls, and fatigue).

RESULTS: In comparison to intermediate-frail or non-frail respondents, frail respondents were found to be older, more medically compromised, and less independent for activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). On average, frail respondents reported worse self-rated health and had fewer years of education. Women, ethnic minorities, and those who were not partnered were also more likely to be frail. Over subsequent years, frail respondents were more likely to be hospitalized, report more loss of independence, and experience higher mortality rates.

CONCLUSIONS: The PLFI is a valid tool for assessing frailty in the HRS data set.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Fatigue, Female, Frail Elderly, Geriatric Assessment, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Self Report, Socioeconomic factors, Walking}, issn = {1364-6915}, doi = {10.1080/13607863.2014.986645}, author = {Daniel Paulson and Peter A Lichtenberg} } @article {8615, title = {Polygenic risk, stressful life events and depressive symptoms in older adults: a polygenic score analysis.}, journal = {Psychol Med}, volume = {45}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jun}, pages = {1709-20}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that the relationship between genetic risk and depression may be moderated by stressful life events (SLEs). The goal of this study was to assess whether SLEs moderate the association between polygenic risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) and depressive symptoms in older adults.

METHOD: We used logistic and negative binomial regressions to assess the associations between polygenic risk, SLEs and depressive symptoms in a sample of 8761 participants from the Health and Retirement Study. Polygenic scores were derived from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study of MDD. SLEs were operationalized as a dichotomous variable indicating whether participants had experienced at least one stressful event during the previous 2 years. Depressive symptoms were measured using an eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale subscale and operationalized as both a dichotomous and a count variable.

RESULTS: The odds of reporting four or more depressive symptoms were over twice as high among individuals who experienced at least one SLE (odds ratio 2.19, 95\% confidence interval 1.86-2.58). Polygenic scores were significantly associated with depressive symptoms (β = 0.21, p ⩽ 0.0001), although the variance explained was modest (pseudo r 2 = 0.0095). None of the interaction terms for polygenic scores and SLEs was statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS: Polygenic risk and SLEs are robust, independent predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults. Consistent with an additive model, we found no evidence that SLEs moderated the association between common variant polygenic risk and depressive symptoms.

}, keywords = {depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Multifactorial Inheritance, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors, United States}, issn = {1469-8978}, doi = {10.1017/S0033291714002839}, author = {Musliner, Katherine L. and Seiffudin, Fayaz and Judy, J. A. and Pirooznia, Mehdi and Goes, Fernando S. and Zandi, Peter P.} } @article {8145, title = {Productive and Social Engagement Following Driving Cessation: A Couple-Based Analysis}, journal = {Research on Aging}, volume = {37}, year = {2015}, pages = {171-199}, publisher = {37}, abstract = {Drawing on interdependence theory, this study examined the cross-spouse impact of driving cessation on productive (work, formal volunteering, and informal volunteering) and social engagement of older couples aged 65 using longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998 2010; N = 1,457 couples). Multilevel modeling results indicate that driving cessation reduced husbands productive and social engagement, and wives productive engagement. Spousal driving cessation reduced husbands likelihood of working or formal volunteering, and wives likelihood of working or informal volunteering. The more time since spousal driving cessation, the less likely husbands were to work and the less likely wives were to formally volunteer. Results suggest the need for greater recognition of the impact of driving cessation on couples, rather than just individuals, as well as the need for enhanced services or rehabilitation efforts to maintain driving even among couples with one remaining driver.}, keywords = {Adult children, Employment and Labor Force, Health Conditions and Status, Methodology, Other}, doi = {10.1177/0164027514527624}, url = {http://roa.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/03/27/0164027514527624.abstract}, author = {Angela L Curl and Proulx, Christine M. and Stowe, James D. and Teresa M Cooney} } @article {6473, title = {Personality traits as risk factors for stroke and coronary heart disease mortality: pooled analysis of three cohort studies}, journal = {Journal of Behavioral Medicine}, volume = {37}, year = {2014}, pages = {881-889}, chapter = {881}, abstract = {We examined whether personality traits are differently associated with coronary heart disease and stroke mortality. Participants were pooled from three prospective cohort studies (Health and Retirement Study, Wisconsin Longitudinal Study graduate and sibling samples; n = 24,543 men and women, mean age 61.4 years, mortality follow-up between 3 and 15 years). There were 423 coronary heart disease deaths and 88 stroke deaths during 212,542 person-years at risk. Higher extraversion was associated with an increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio per each standard deviation increase in personality trait HR = 1.41, 95 CI 1.10 1.80) but not with coronary heart disease mortality (HR = 0.93, 0.83 1.05). High neuroticism, in turn, was more strongly related to the risk of coronary heart disease (HR = 1.16, 1.04 1.29) than stroke deaths (HR = 0.95, 0.78 1.17). High conscientiousness was associated with lower mortality risk from both coronary heart disease (HR = 0.74, 0.67 0.81) and stroke (HR = 0.78, 0.63 0.97). Cardiovascular risk associated with personality traits appears to vary between main cardiac and cerebral disease endpoints.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Methodology}, doi = {10.1007/s10865-013-9548-z}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9548-z}, author = {Markus Jokela and Pulkki-Raback, Laura and Marko Elovainio and Mika Kivim{\"a}ki} } @article {8057, title = {A polygenic risk score associated with measures of depressive symptoms among older adults.}, journal = {Biodemography Soc Biol}, volume = {60}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 0 SI 0}, month = {2014}, pages = {199-211}, publisher = {60}, abstract = {

It has been suggested that depression is a polygenic trait, arising from the influences of multiple loci with small individual effects. The aim of this study is to generate a polygenic risk score (PRS) to examine the association between genetic variation and depressive symptoms. Our analytic sample included N = 10,091 participants aged 50 and older from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Depressive symptoms were measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CESD) scores assessed on up to nine occasions across 18 years. We conducted a genome-wide association analysis for a discovery set (n = 7,000) and used the top 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, all with p < 10(-5) to generate a weighted PRS for our replication sample (n = 3,091). Results showed that the PRS was significantly associated with mean CESD score in the replication sample (β = .08, p = .002). The R(2) change for the inclusion of the PRS was .003. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, we also examined the association between genetic risk and chronicity of high (4+) CESD scores. We found that a one-standard-deviation increase in PRS was associated with a 36 percent increase in the odds of having chronically high CESD scores relative to never having had high CESD scores. Our findings are consistent with depression being a polygenic trait and suggest that the cumulative influence of multiple variants increases an individual{\textquoteright}s susceptibility for chronically experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depressive Disorder, Major, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multifactorial Inheritance, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors}, issn = {1948-5573}, doi = {10.1080/19485565.2014.952705}, author = {Morgan E. Levine and Eileen M. Crimmins and Carol A Prescott and Drystan F. Phillips and Thalida E. Arpawong and Jinkook Lee} } @article {8054, title = {Positive and Negative Social Exchanges and Cognitive Aging in Young-Old Adults: Differential Associations Across Family, Friend, and Spouse Domains}, journal = {Psychology and Aging}, volume = {29}, year = {2014}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, pages = {28-43}, publisher = {29}, abstract = {We examined how positive and negative social exchanges with friends, family, and spouses were related to cognitive aging in episodic and working memory, and perceptual speed. To do so, we used a large sample of cognitively intact young-old participants from the PATH Through Life Study ( PATH; aged 60 to 64 years at baseline, n = 1,618) who were assessed on 3 occasions over 8 years. Additional replication analyses were conducted using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which provided data on episodic memory. The main analysis of PATH Through Life showed that positive exchanges with friends and family were associated with less decline in perceptual speed, with these associations attenuated by adjustment for physical functioning and depressive symptoms. Negative exchanges with spouses were associated with poorer working memory performance. Positive exchanges with friends were associated with better initial episodic memory in both PATH and HRS. More frequent negative exchanges with friends and family were associated with better episodic memory in the PATH sample. However, these findings were not replicated in HRS. Our findings provide indirect support for the role of social exchange quality in contributing to cognitive enrichment. However, the inconsistent pattern of results across cognitive and social exchange domains points to possibilities of reverse causality, and may also indicate that social exchange quality plays a less important role for cognitive enrichment than other psychosocial characteristics.}, keywords = {End of life decisions, Event History/Life Cycle, Health Conditions and Status, Methodology, Other, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, author = {Tim D Windsor and Denis Gerstorf and Pearson, Elissa and Lindsay H Ryan and Kaarin J. Anstey} } @article {7825, title = {Patterns of older Americans{\textquoteright} health care utilization over time.}, journal = {Am J Public Health}, volume = {103}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jul}, pages = {1314-24}, publisher = {103}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed correlates of older Americans{\textquoteright} continuous and transitional health care utilization over 4 years.

METHODS: We analyzed data for civilian, noninstitutionalized US individuals older than 50 years from the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. We estimated multinomial logistic models of persistent and intermittent use of physician, inpatient hospital, home health, and outpatient surgery over the 2004-2008 survey periods.

RESULTS: Individuals with worse or worsening health were more likely to persistently use medical care and transition into care and not transition out of care over time. Financial variables were less often significant and, when significant, were often in an unexpected direction.

CONCLUSIONS: Older individuals{\textquoteright} health and changes in health are more strongly correlated with persistence of and changes in care-seeking behavior over time than are financial status and changes in financial status. The more pronounced sensitivity to health status and changes in health are important considerations in insurance and retirement policy reforms.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Ambulatory Surgical Procedures, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Health Services, Health Status, Health Surveys, Home Care Services, Hospitalization, Humans, Income, Insurance Coverage, Logistic Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Office Visits, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Time Factors, United States}, issn = {1541-0048}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2012.301124}, author = {Richard J. Manski and John F Moeller and Haiyan Chen and Jody Schimmel and Patricia A St Clair and John V Pepper} } @article {7956, title = {Perceived neighborhood social cohesion and stroke}, journal = {Social Science and Medicine}, volume = {97}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 0 Si}, pages = {49-55}, publisher = {97}, abstract = {Research in the last three decades has shown that negative neighborhood factors such as neighborhood violence, noise, traffic, litter, low neighborhood socioeconomic status, and poor air quality increase the risk of poor health. Fewer studies have examined the potential protective effect that neighborhood factors can have on health, particularly stroke. We examined whether higher perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with lower stroke incidence after adjusting for traditional risk and psychological factors that have been linked with stroke risk. Prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study-a nationally representative panel study of American adults over the age of 50-were used. Analyses were conducted on a subset of 6740 adults who were stroke-free at baseline. Analyses adjusted for chronic illnesses and relevant sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. Over a four-year follow-up, higher perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with a lower risk of stroke. Each standard deviation increase in perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio (O.R.) of 0.85 for stroke incidence (95 Cl, 0.75-0.97, p 0.05). The effect of perceived neighborhood social cohesion remained significant after adjusting for a comprehensive set of risk factors. Therefore, perceived neighborhood social cohesion plays an important role in protecting against stroke. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Demographics, Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare, Public Policy}, doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.001}, author = {Eric S Kim and Nansook Park and Christopher Peterson} } @article {9937, title = {The Project TALENT Twin and Sibling Study.}, journal = {Twin Research and Human Genetics}, volume = {16}, year = {2013}, pages = {437-448}, abstract = {Project TALENT is a US national longitudinal study of about 377,000 individuals born in 1942-1946, first assessed in 1960. Students in about 1,200 schools participated in a 2-day battery covering aptitudes, abilities, interests, and individual and family characteristics (Flanagan, 1962; www.projectTALENT.org). Follow-up assessments 1, 5, and 11 years later assessed educational and occupational outcomes. The sample includes approximately 92,000 siblings from 40,000 families, including 2,500 twin pairs and 1,200 other siblings of twins. Until recently, almost no behavior genetic research has been conducted with the sample. In the original data collection information was not collected with the intent to link family members. Recently, we developed algorithms using names, addresses, birthdates, and information about family structure to link siblings and identify twins. We are testing several methods to determine zygosity, including use of yearbook photographs. In this paper, we summarize the design and measures in Project TALENT, describe the Twin and Sibling sample, and present our twin-sib-classmate model. In most twin and family designs, the {\textquoteright}shared environment{\textquoteright} includes factors specific to the family combined with between-family differences associated with macro-level variables such as socioeconomic status. The school-based sampling design used in Project TALENT provides a unique opportunity to partition the shared environment into variation shared by siblings, specific to twins, and associated with school- and community-level factors. The availability of many measured characteristics on the family, schools, and neighborhoods enhances the ability to study the impact of specific factors on behavioral variation.}, keywords = {Education, Genetics, GWAS, Siblings}, issn = {1832-4274}, doi = {10.1017/thg.2012.71}, author = {Carol A Prescott and Achorn, Deanna Lyter and Kaiser, Ashley and Mitchell, Lindsey and John J McArdle and Lapham, Susan J} } @article {7864, title = {Is Psychological Vulnerability Related to the Experience of Fraud in Older Adults?}, journal = {Clinical Gerontologist}, volume = {36}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, pages = {132-146}, publisher = {36}, abstract = {Financial exploitation, and particularly thefts and scams, are increasing at an alarming rate. In this study we (a) determined the national prevalence of older adults who report having been a victim of fraud, (b) created a population-based model for the prediction of fraud, and (c) examined how fraud is experienced by the most psychologically vulnerable older adults. The older adults studied were 4,400 participants in a Health and Retirement Study substudy, the 2008 Leave Behind Questionnaire. The prevalence of fraud across the previous 5 years was 4.5 . Among measures collected in 2002, age, education, and depression were significant predictors of fraud. Financial satisfaction and social-needs fulfillment were measured in 2008 and were significantly related to fraud above and beyond the 2002 predictors. Using depression and social-needs fulfillment to determine the most psychologically vulnerable older adults, we found that fraud prevalence was three times higher (14 ) among those with the highest depression and the lowest social-needs fulfillment than among the rest of the sample (4.1 ; 2 = 20.49; p .001). Clinical gerontologists and other professionals in the field need to be aware of their psychologically vulnerable clients{\textquoteright} heightened exposure to financial fraud.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Net Worth and Assets, Other, Public Policy}, doi = {10.1080/07317115.2012.749323}, author = {Peter A Lichtenberg and Stickney, Laurie and Daniel Paulson} } @article {7862, title = {Purpose in life and reduced incidence of stroke in older adults: {\textquoteright}The Health and Retirement Study{\textquoteright}}, journal = {Journal of Psychosomatic Research}, volume = {74}, year = {2013}, note = {Times Cited: 0}, pages = {427-432}, publisher = {74}, abstract = {Objective: To determine whether purpose in life is associated with reduced stroke incidence among older adults after adjusting for relevant sociodemographic, behavioral, biological, and psychosocial factors. Methods: We used prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel study of American adults over the age of 50. 6739 adults who were stroke-free at baseline were examined. A multiple imputation technique was used to account for missing data. Purpose in life was measured using a validated adaptation of Ryff and Keyes{\textquoteright} Scales of Psychological Well-Being. After controlling for a comprehensive list of covariates, we assessed the odds of stroke incidence over a four-year period. We used psychological and covariate data collected in 2006, along with occurrences of stroke reported in 2008, 2010, and during exit interviews. Covariates included sociodemographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, total wealth, functional status), health behaviors (smoking, exercise, alcohol use), biological factors (hypertension, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI, heart disease), negative psychological factors (depression, anxiety, cynical hostility, negative affect), and positive psychological factors (optimism, positive affect, and social participation). Results: Greater baseline purpose in life was associated with a reduced likelihood of stroke during the four-year follow-up. In a model that adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, education level, total wealth, and functional status, each standard deviation increase in purpose was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 0.78 for stroke (95 CI, 0.67-0.91, p =.002). Purpose remained significantly associated with a reduced likelihood of stroke after adjusting for several additional covariates including: health behaviors, biological factors, and psychological factors. Conclusion: Among older American adults, greater purpose in life is linked with a lower risk of stroke.}, keywords = {Demographics, Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.01.013}, author = {Eric S Kim and Jennifer K Sun and Nansook Park and Christopher Peterson} } @article {7805, title = {Purpose in life and reduced risk of myocardial infarction among older U.S. adults with coronary heart disease: a two-year follow-up}, journal = {Journal of Behavioral Medicine}, volume = {36}, year = {2013}, note = {Copyright - Springer Science Business Media New York 2013 Last updated - 2013-04-30 DOI - 2922261641; 76454332; 69709; BVMD; 22359156; SPVLBVMD108653629406}, pages = {124-33}, publisher = {36}, abstract = {This study examined whether purpose in life was associated with myocardial infarction among a sample of older adults with coronary heart disease after adjusting for relevant sociodemographic, behavioral, biological, and psychological factors. Prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study--a nationally representative panel study of American adults over the age of 50--were used. Analyses were conducted on the subset of 1,546 individuals who had coronary heart disease at baseline. Greater baseline purpose in life was associated with lower odds of having a myocardial infarction during the 2-year follow-up period. On a six-point purpose in life measure, each unit increase was associated with a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 0.73 for myocardial infarction (95 CI, 0.57-0.93, P = .01). The association remained significant after controlling for coronary heart disease severity, self-rated health, and a comprehensive set of possible confounds. Higher purpose in life may play an important role in protecting against myocardial infarction among older American adults with coronary heart disease.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare}, doi = {10.1161/strokeaha.111.613448 10.1056/nejm199010183231606 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9406-4}, url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1318045524?accountid=14667}, author = {Eric S Kim and Jennifer K Sun and Nansook Park and Laura D Kubzansky and Christopher Peterson} } @article {7761, title = {Prevalence of cognitive impairment in older adults with heart failure.}, journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc}, volume = {60}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Sep}, pages = {1724-9}, publisher = {60}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of cognitive impairment in older adults with heart failure (HF).

DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the 2004 wave of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study linked to 2002 to 2004 Medicare administrative claims.

SETTING: United States, community.

PARTICIPANTS: Six thousand one hundred eighty-nine individuals aged 67 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: An algorithm was developed using a combination of self- and proxy report of a heart problem and the presence of one or more Medicare claims in administrative files using standard HF diagnostic codes. On the basis of the algorithm, three categories were created to characterize the likelihood of a HF diagnosis: high or moderate probability of HF, low probability of HF, and no HF. Cognitive function was assessed using a screening measure of cognitive function or according to proxy rating. Age-adjusted prevalence estimates of cognitive impairment were calculated for the three groups.

RESULTS: The prevalence of cognitive impairment consistent with dementia in older adults with HF was 15\%, and the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment was 24\%. The odds of dementia in those with HF were significantly higher, even after adjustment for age, education level, net worth, and prior stroke (odds ratio = 1.52, 95\% confidence interval = 1.14-2.02).

CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment is common in older adults with HF and is independently associated with risk of dementia. A cognitive assessment should be routinely incorporated into HF-focused models of care.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Chi-Square Distribution, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Medicare, Prevalence, United States}, issn = {1532-5415}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04097.x}, author = {Tanya R Gure and Caroline S Blaum and Bruno J Giordani and Todd M Koelling and Andrzej T Galecki and Susan J Pressler and Scott L Hummel and Kenneth M. Langa} } @article {7441, title = {Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and their association with functional limitations in older adults in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study.}, journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc}, volume = {58}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Feb}, pages = {330-7}, publisher = {58}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms and examine their association with functional limitations.

DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis.

SETTING: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS).

PARTICIPANTS: A sample of adults aged 71 and older (N=856) drawn from Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative cohort of U.S. adults aged 51 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, agitation, depression, apathy, elation, anxiety, disinhibition, irritation, and aberrant motor behaviors) was identified using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. A consensus panel in the ADAMS assigned a cognitive category (normal cognition; cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND); mild, moderate, or severe dementia). Functional limitations, chronic medical conditions, and sociodemographic information were obtained from the HRS and ADAMS.

RESULTS: Forty-three percent of individuals with CIND and 58\% of those with dementia exhibited at least one neuropsychiatric symptom. Depression was the most common individual symptom in those with normal cognition (12\%), CIND (30\%), and mild dementia (25\%), whereas apathy (42\%) and agitation (41\%) were most common in those with severe dementia. Individuals with three or more symptoms and one or more clinically significant symptoms had significantly higher odds of having functional limitations. Those with clinically significant depression had higher odds of activity of daily living limitations, and those with clinically significant depression, anxiety, or aberrant motor behaviors had significantly higher odds of instrumental activity of daily living limitations.

CONCLUSION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are highly prevalent in older adults with CIND and dementia. Of those with cognitive impairment, a greater number of total neuropsychiatric symptoms and some specific individual symptoms are strongly associated with functional limitations.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Behavioral Symptoms, Cognition Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dementia, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders, Prevalence, United States}, issn = {1532-5415}, doi = {10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02680.x}, author = {Okura, Toru and Brenda L Plassman and David C Steffens and David J Llewellyn and Guy G Potter and Kenneth M. Langa} } @article {7316, title = {Parental education and late-life dementia in the United States.}, journal = {J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol}, volume = {22}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Mar}, pages = {71-80}, publisher = {22}, abstract = {

We investigated the relation between parental education and dementia in the United States. Participants in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study were included, with information regarding parental education obtained from the Health and Retirement Study. The odds of dementia in elderly Americans whose mothers had less then 8 years of schooling were twice (95\% CI, 1.1-3.8) that of individuals with higher maternal education, when adjusted for paternal education. Of elderly Americans with less educated mothers, 45.4\% (95\% CI, 37.4-53.4\%) were diagnosed with dementia or ;;cognitive impairment, no dementia{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} compared to 31.2\% (95\% CI, 25.0-37.4\%) of elderly Americans whose mothers had at least an 8th grade education. The population attributable risk of dementia due to low maternal education was 18.8\% (95\% CI, 9.4-28.2\%). The education of girls in a population may be protective of dementia in the next generation.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Apolipoproteins E, Biomarkers, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, Educational Status, Fathers, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Odds Ratio, Parents, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Racial Groups, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, United States}, issn = {0891-9887}, doi = {10.1177/0891988708328220}, author = {Mary A M Rogers and Brenda L Plassman and Mohammed U Kabeto and Gwenith G Fisher and John J McArdle and David J Llewellyn and Guy G Potter and Kenneth M. Langa} } @article {7323, title = {Physician outpatient contacts and hospitalizations among cognitively impaired elderly.}, journal = {Alzheimers Dement}, volume = {5}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Jan}, pages = {30-42}, publisher = {5}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: This study examined how physician contacts and hospitalizations vary in relation to cognitive function level among community-residing older adults.

METHODS: Analysis of the 1998 wave of the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) was conducted to create three levels of cognitive function among 6,991 older adults by using direct measures for self-respondents and proxy evaluations. Ordinary least square regression analyses were used to estimate the probability of physician outpatient contacts, number of hospitalizations, and nights hospitalized during the last 2 years.

RESULTS: Lower cognitive function level was found to be associated with decreasing levels of physician contacts and increasing levels of hospitalizations as well as nights hospitalized. In addition, lower cognitive function levels were consistently related to a variety of comorbidities. Moreover, many older adults with low cognitive function levels reported or were reported by their proxies as not having a diagnosis of a memory-related disease (MRD). Finally, having a diagnosis of an MRD was found to be associated with more physician contacts but fewer hospital nights compared with those who had never received such a diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need for increased outreach targeted at identification of community-dwelling older adults with decline in cognitive function who are in need of care but are underdiagnosed, underutilize physician care, and are overhospitalized.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer disease, Ambulatory Care, Cognition Disorders, Community-Institutional Relations, Comorbidity, Female, Hospitalization, Housing for the Elderly, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Physicians, Prevalence, Severity of Illness Index}, issn = {1552-5279}, doi = {10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.2493}, author = {Caspi, Eilon and Nina M Silverstein and Frank Porell and Kwan, Ngai} } @article {7336, title = {Preferences, beliefs, and self-management of diabetes.}, journal = {Health Serv Res}, volume = {44}, year = {2009}, note = {PMID: 19674433}, month = {2009 Jun}, pages = {1068-87}, publisher = {44}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To assess relationships between self-assessed control over life events, subjective beliefs about longevity, time and risk preference, and other factors on use of recommended care for diabetes mellitus (DM), self-assessed control of diabetes, general health, and laboratory measures of HbA1c levels.

DATA SOURCES: Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and 2003 HRS Diabetes Study (HRS-DS).

STUDY DESIGN: We used logit and ordered logit analyses to assess use of recommended care, and subjective and objective measures of health outcomes.

DATA COLLECTION: Secondary analysis of HRS and HRS-DS data.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Individuals with higher self-assessed control over life events and higher subjective probabilities of living 10 years engaged in more recommended DM care practices and had better self-assessed DM control and general health. However, these beliefs did not influence HbA1c levels. More highly educated and cognitively able persons were more likely to follow care recommendations. There were differences by race/ethnicity in health outcomes, but not in health investment among Hispanics.

CONCLUSIONS: Individuals{\textquoteright} beliefs about control over life events and longevity influenced health investment and subjective health outcomes, although these beliefs did not translate into differences in HbA1c levels. Hispanics may realize lower returns on health investments, at least for diabetes care.

}, keywords = {Black or African American, Choice Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health Status, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Internal-External Control, Logistic Models, Longevity, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Patient Compliance, Risk Assessment, Self Care, Self-Assessment, Socioeconomic factors, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {1475-6773}, doi = {10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.00957.x}, author = {Frank A Sloan and Padr{\'o}n, Norma A and Alyssa C Platt} } @article {7349, title = {Prevalence of depression among older Americans: the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study.}, journal = {Int Psychogeriatr}, volume = {21}, year = {2009}, note = {PMID: 19519984}, month = {2009 Oct}, pages = {879-88}, publisher = {21}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have attempted to provide estimates of depression prevalence in older adults. The Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS) is a population-representative study that included a depression assessment, providing an opportunity to estimate the prevalence of depression in late life in the U.S.A.

METHODS: The ADAMS sample was drawn from the larger Health and Retirement Study. A total of 851 of 856 ADAMS participants aged 71 and older had available depression data. Depression was measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Short Form (CIDI-SF) and the informant depression section of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). We estimated the national prevalence of depression, stratified by age, race, sex, and cognitive status. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of depression and previously reported risk factors for the condition.

RESULTS: When combining symptoms of major or minor depression with reported treatment for depression, we found an overall depression prevalence of 11.19\%. Prevalence was similar for men (10.19\%) and women (11.44\%). Whites and Hispanics had nearly three times the prevalence of depression found in African-Americans. Dementia diagnosis and pain severity were associated with increased depression prevalence, while black race was associated with lower rates of depression.

CONCLUSIONS: The finding of similar prevalence estimates for depression in men and women was not consistent with prior research that has shown a female predominance. Given the population-representativeness of our sample, similar depression rates between the sexes in ADAMS may result from racial, ethnic and socioeconomic diversity.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer disease, Black People, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Status, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological tests, Personality Assessment, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic factors, United States, White People}, issn = {1041-6102}, doi = {10.1017/S1041610209990044}, author = {David C Steffens and Gwenith G Fisher and Kenneth M. Langa and Guy G Potter and Brenda L Plassman} } @article {7271, title = {Parental marital disruption, family type, and transfers to disabled elderly parents.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {63}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Nov}, pages = {S349-58}, publisher = {63B}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parental marital status, marital history, and family type on intergenerational living arrangements and adult children{\textquoteright}s time and cash transfers to their unpartnered disabled elderly parents.

METHODS: We used data from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old survey to estimate the joint probabilities that an adult child provides time and/or cash transfers to a parent and to analyze a five-level categorical variable capturing parent-child living arrangements.

RESULT: The estimates suggest significant detrimental effects of parental divorce and step relationship on time transfers and on the probability of coresidence with the index child. Family type, as captured by the composition of the index child{\textquoteright}s sibling network according to kin relationship to the parent, also affected transfers and living arrangement choices of adult children.

DISCUSSION: The findings that transfers from adult children to their unpartnered disabled elderly parents depend on parental marital status and kin relationship suggest that changing family patterns are altering the traditional role of the family as a support network. These findings raise concerns about the care likely to be available to future cohorts of elderly persons who will have experienced substantially higher rates of divorce, remarriage, and step parenthood than the cohort considered in this study.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Altruism, Divorce, Family Characteristics, Female, Frail Elderly, Gift Giving, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Parent-Child Relations, Residence Characteristics, Siblings, United States}, issn = {1079-5014}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/63.6.s349}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Robert A. Pollak and Barbara Steinberg Schone} } @article {7201, title = {Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States.}, journal = {Ann Intern Med}, volume = {148}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Mar 18}, pages = {427-34}, publisher = {148}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment without dementia is associated with increased risk for disability, increased health care costs, and progression to dementia. There are no population-based prevalence estimates of this condition in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States and determine longitudinal cognitive and mortality outcomes.

DESIGN: Longitudinal study from July 2001 to March 2005.

SETTING: In-home assessment for cognitive impairment.

PARTICIPANTS: Participants in ADAMS (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) who were age 71 years or older drawn from the nationally representative HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Of 1770 selected individuals, 856 completed initial assessment, and of 241 selected individuals, 180 completed 16- to 18-month follow-up assessment.

MEASUREMENTS: Assessments, including neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, and clinical and medical history, were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, or dementia. National prevalence rates were estimated by using a population-weighted sample.

RESULTS: In 2002, an estimated 5.4 million people (22.2\%) in the United States age 71 years or older had cognitive impairment without dementia. Prominent subtypes included prodromal Alzheimer disease (8.2\%) and cerebrovascular disease (5.7\%). Among participants who completed follow-up assessments, 11.7\% with cognitive impairment without dementia progressed to dementia annually, whereas those with subtypes of prodromal Alzheimer disease and stroke progressed at annual rates of 17\% to 20\%. The annual death rate was 8\% among those with cognitive impairment without dementia and almost 15\% among those with cognitive impairment due to medical conditions.

LIMITATIONS: Only 56\% of the nondeceased target sample completed the initial assessment. Population sampling weights were derived to adjust for at least some of the potential bias due to nonresponse and attrition.

CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment without dementia is more prevalent in the United States than dementia, and its subtypes vary in prevalence and outcomes.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, disease progression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Prevalence, United States}, issn = {1539-3704}, doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-148-6-200803180-00005}, author = {Brenda L Plassman and Kenneth M. Langa and Gwenith G Fisher and Steven G Heeringa and David R Weir and Mary Beth Ofstedal and James R Burke and Michael D Hurd and Guy G Potter and Willard L Rodgers and David C Steffens and John J McArdle and Robert J. Willis and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7164, title = {Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study.}, journal = {Neuroepidemiology}, volume = {29}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {125-32}, publisher = {29}, abstract = {

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) and other dementias in the USA using a nationally representative sample.

METHODS: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study sample was composed of 856 individuals aged 71 years and older from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who were evaluated for dementia using a comprehensive in-home assessment. An expert consensus panel used this information to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment but not demented, or dementia (and dementia subtype). Using sampling weights derived from the HRS, we estimated the national prevalence of dementia, AD and vascular dementia by age and gender.

RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia among individuals aged 71 and older was 13.9\%, comprising about 3.4 million individuals in the USA in 2002. The corresponding values for AD were 9.7\% and 2.4 million individuals. Dementia prevalence increased with age, from 5.0\% of those aged 71-79 years to 37.4\% of those aged 90 and older.

CONCLUSIONS: Dementia prevalence estimates from this first nationally representative population-based study of dementia in the USA to include subjects from all regions of the country can provide essential information for effective planning for the impending healthcare needs of the large and increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia as our population ages.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Dementia, Female, Geriatric Assessment, Health Surveys, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, United States}, issn = {1423-0208}, doi = {10.1159/000109998}, author = {Brenda L Plassman and Kenneth M. Langa and Gwenith G Fisher and Steven G Heeringa and David R Weir and Mary Beth Ofstedal and James R Burke and Michael D Hurd and Guy G Potter and Willard L Rodgers and David C Steffens and Robert J. Willis and Robert B Wallace} } @article {5662, title = {Probabilistic Thinking and Early Social Security Claiming}, year = {2006}, institution = {The University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center}, abstract = {This study analyzes the extent to which an individual.s survival expectations influence his or her decision to claim social security benefits at an early age. We find that subjective survival probabilities capture meaningful behavioral responses to incentives for early Social Security claiming when they are purged of measurement error using risk factors as instruments. Among people who are still working at age 62, those who expect to live longer are likely to delay claiming of Social Security benefits to a degree that is both statistically and economically significant.}, keywords = {Methodology, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security}, url = {http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/}, author = {Delavande, Adeline and Michael M. Perry and Robert J. Willis} } @article {8909, title = {Pension Coding Program Users Guide}, year = {2005}, month = {07/2005}, institution = {Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, abstract = {The data for the Pension Estimation Program were obtained by analyzing and codifying Summary Plan Descriptions (SPDs) using the Pension Coding Program, a software product designed specifically for this purpose. The Pension Coding Program program replaced the paper-and-pencil coding instruments that were used in 1992. Note: The Pension Coding software package was developed for internal use only and is not available for distribution.}, author = {Helena Stolyarova and Michael A. Nolte and Robert Peticolas} } @article {6937, title = {Portfolio Risk and Self-Directed Retirement Saving Programmes}, journal = {The Economic Journal}, volume = {114}, year = {2004}, pages = {C26-C51}, publisher = {114}, abstract = {Defined contribution retirement plans expose retirement savers to financial market risks. This paper explores the costs of retirement wealth risk. It begins by describing the holding of company stock in 401(k) plans in the US, an investment choice that yields a poorly diversified retirement portfolio. It then summarises the composition of household wealth at retirement and investigates how the degree of diversification in retirement assets affects expected utility. The cost of holding a poorly diversified retirement portfolio is very sensitive to whether or not the retirement saver has other assets that provide a floor for retirement consumption.}, keywords = {Net Worth and Assets, Pensions}, author = {James M. Poterba} } @book {5274, title = {The Price of Smoking}, year = {2004}, publisher = {MIT Press}, organization = {MIT Press}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Health Conditions and Status}, author = {Frank A Sloan and Ostermann, Jan and Gabriel A. Picone and Conover, Christopher and Donald H. Taylor Jr.} } @article {6871, title = {Partners in Marriage: An analysis of husbands{\textquoteright} and wives{\textquoteright} retirement behavior}, journal = {Journal of Applied Gerontology}, volume = {22}, year = {2003}, pages = {340-358}, publisher = {22}, abstract = {The goal of this analysis is to compare the retirement behavior of husbands and wives. Hypotheses are offered to describe two sets of factors associated with retirement of husbands and wives. These are included in the usual modes of retirement hypothesis and the new modes of retirement hypothesis. Using data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Survey, multinomial models are estimated to assess whether various personal, spousal, and familial factors are related to retirement status. Results indicate that in addition to personal characteristics, wives{\textquoteright} retirement status is related to familial factors, economic resources, and spouses{\textquoteright} personal characteristics supporting the new modes of retirement hypothesis. Husbands differ mainly in that familial and spousal attributes have more limited relationships with retirement behavior thereby supporting the usual modes of retirement hypothesis.}, keywords = {Demographics, Employment and Labor Force, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464803253587}, author = {Pienta, Amy M.} } @inbook {5177, title = {Preretirement Cashouts and Foregone Retirement Saving: Implications for 401(k) Asset Accumulation}, booktitle = {Themes in the Economics of Aging}, year = {2001}, note = {RDA 1999-002 Wise ProCite field 6 : In ProCite field 8 : ed}, pages = {23-58}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago, IL}, keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Net Worth and Assets, Pensions}, url = {https://www.nber.org/chapters/c10320}, author = {James M. Poterba and Steven F Venti and David A Wise}, editor = {David A Wise} } @article {6626, title = {Parental marital disruption and intergenerational transfers: an analysis of lone elderly parents and their children.}, journal = {Demography}, volume = {36}, year = {1999}, note = {ProCite field 3 : Johns Hopkins U; Agency for Health Care Policy and Research}, month = {1999 Aug}, pages = {287-97}, publisher = {36}, abstract = {

Although one of the most marked demographic trends observed over the twentieth century is the increased rate of divorce, relatively little research has explored the effects of these changing marital patterns in the context of an aging society. Using a sample of lone elderly parents and their adult children, we analyze the direct and indirect effects of marital disruption on four important dimensions of intergenerational transfers: coresidence, financial assistance, adult children{\textquoteright}s provision of informal care, and parental purchase of paid care. Our findings suggest that divorce has deleterious effects on intergenerational transfers, particularly for elderly fathers. Remarriage further reduces exchange. Our results reveal that parents engage in lower levels of transfers with stepchildren relative to biological children. Moreover, intergenerational transfers are sensitive to characteristics of biological children but not to those of stepchildren. Taken together, these results suggest that exchange at the end of the life course continues to be adversely affected by marital disruption.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Caregivers, Chi-Square Distribution, Divorce, Family, Father-Child Relations, Female, Financial Support, Frail Elderly, Home Nursing, Humans, Intergenerational Relations, Loneliness, Male, Marriage, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Sample Size, Sampling Studies, Socioeconomic factors}, issn = {0070-3370}, author = {Liliana E Pezzin and Barbara Steinberg Schone} } @article {5359, title = {Partners in Marriage: An Analysis of Family Effects and the Likelihood of Retirement}, year = {1998}, institution = {Penn State University Population Research Institute}, keywords = {Adult children, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, author = {Pienta, Amy M.} } @article {5340, title = {Profile of Older Americans: Report One}, year = {1997}, institution = {Tampa, FL, The Florida Policy Exchange Center on Aging, University of South Florida}, keywords = {Demographics, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, author = {M. Kristen Peek} }