@article {12056, title = {Using HRS-ONET Linked Data to Study Subjective and Objective Mismatch Between Work Demands and Capacity at Older Ages}, journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {5}, year = {2021}, pages = {231{\textendash}232}, abstract = {Mismatch between demands of work and workers{\textquoteright} ability to meet those demands may play an important role in retirement decisions. This presentation extends earlier work using Health and Retirement Study data linked to O*NET to develop measures of discrepancy between individual{\textquoteright}s own reports of physical and mental abilities and 1) their perceptions of the physical and mental demands of their jobs and 2) O*NET ratings of the physical and mental demands of their jobs. In particular, we utilize newly available linked information using 2010 Census codes and 2019 O*NET ratings that reflect more current jobs. We then examine the impact of each type of mismatch (subjective and objective) on retirement timing. Overall, we find a stronger connection between subjective mismatch relative to objective mismatch. We discuss implications of this finding in terms of the value of the O*NET linkage and potential interventions aimed at extending working lives for positive aging.}, keywords = {O*NET, work demands, worker ability}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.888}, author = {Amanda Sonnega and Gwenith G Fisher and Helppie-McFall, Brooke} } @article {9763, title = {The Associations between Falls, Fall Injuries and Labor Market Outcomes among U.S. Workers 65 Years and Older.}, journal = {Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine}, year = {2018}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether falls are associated with the subsequent ability to work among workers 65 years and older.

METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study followed older workers enrolled in the Health and Retirement Study. Outcomes included time to health-related work limitation and to labor force exit.

RESULTS: After adjustment multiple falls with or without a medically-treated injury were associated with time to limitation (HR = 1.77, 95\% CI: 1.30-2.40; HR = 1.48, 95\% CI: 1.26-1.73, respectively). Adjustment mitigated a crude relationship between falls and time to exit. Significant interactions suggest the relationship between falls and labor force exit depends on age, race and job demands.

CONCLUSIONS: Falls, both non-injurious and injurious, are associated with subsequent health-related work limitation among workers 65 and older. Fall prevention activities would benefit workers who want or need to keep working past age 65.

}, keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Falls, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, issn = {1536-5948}, doi = {10.1097/JOM.0000000000001379}, author = {Kenneth A Scott and Gwenith G Fisher and Bar{\'o}n, Anna E and Tompa, Emile and Stallones, Lorann and DiGuiseppi, Carolyn} } @article {9164, title = {A comparison of subjective and objective job demands and fit with personal resources as predictors of retirement timing in a national U.S. Sample}, journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, chapter = {37{\textendash}51}, abstract = {Population aging and attendant pressures on public budgets have spurred considerable interest in understanding factors that influence retirement timing. A range of sociodemographic and economic characteristics predict both earlier and later retirement. Less is known about the role of job characteristics on the work choices of older workers. Researchers are increasingly using the subjective ratings of job characteristics available in the Health and Retirement Study in conjunction with more objective measures of job characteristics from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. Employing a theoretically-informed model of job demands-personal resources fit, we constructed mismatch measures between resources and job demands (both subjectively and objectively assessed) in physical, emotional, and cognitive domains. When we matched comparable measures across the 2 data sources in the domains of physical, emotional, and cognitive job demands, we found that both sources of information held predictive power in relation to retirement timing. Physical and emotional but not cognitive mismatch were associated with earlier retirement. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research.}, keywords = {Comparisons, Job stressors, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, issn = {2054-4642}, doi = {10.1093/workar/wax016}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/workar/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/workar/wax016}, author = {Amanda Sonnega and Helppie-McFall, Brooke and P{\'e}ter Hudomiet and Robert J. Willis and Gwenith G Fisher} } @article {9438, title = {Occupational Differences in BMI, BMI Trajectories, and Implications for Employment Status among Older U.S. Workers}, journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, pages = {21-36}, abstract = {We examined associations between employment and obesity, arguing that risk for unhealthy weight may vary across occupational groups because they shape workplace exposures, social class standing, material resources, and norms and expectations about healthy behaviors and weight. We used a large sample of 51-61-year-old workers from the Health and Retirement study, tracking their body mass index (BMI) over time while accounting for potentially confounding influences of socioeconomic status and gender and exploring whether gender modified associations between occupational group, BMI, and retirement timing. Compared with women in professional occupations, women managers were less likely to be obese at baseline and were less likely to be in the obese upward trajectory class, while female professionals and operators and laborers were less likely than women in farm and precision production to be in the normal stable trajectory. Male professionals were less likely than men in sales, service, and operator and laborer positions to be obese at baseline and more often followed the normal upward trajectory than most other groups, though they and farm and precision production men were more likely to be in the overweight to obese trajectory than men in service occupations. Adjustment for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics reduced associations more for men than for women. While retirement risk differed across occupational groups, most of these differences were explained by socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics, especially for men. Obesity at baseline was an independent predictor of retirement but did not further explain differences in the timing of retirement by occupational group.}, keywords = {BMI, Decision making, Employment and Labor Force}, issn = {2054-4642}, doi = {10.1093/workar/waw038}, url = {http://academic.oup.com/workar/article/4/1/21/2918780http://academic.oup.com/workar/article-pdf/4/1/21/23296108/waw038.pdf}, author = {Sarah A. Burgard and Amanda Sonnega}, editor = {Gwenith G Fisher} } @article {9430, title = {Work-Hour Trajectories and Depressive Symptoms Among Midlife and Older Married Couples}, journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, pages = {108-122}, abstract = {Life course theories highlight the importance of understanding psychological health of aging individuals in context. Work and marriage are influential contexts in later life that are increasingly relevant because both spouses of many households work and individuals are delaying retirement. Although there is extensive literature on predictors of depressive symptoms, incorporating life course histories of work and social contexts has been a critical omission in the aging and health field. This study identifies couples{\textquoteright} work trajectories as a function of husband{\textquoteright}s and wife{\textquoteright}s weekly work hours and examines the link between couple work-hour trajectory membership and individual depressive symptoms. Data are from 1,641 married couples who participated in the 1998{\textendash}2012 waves (ages 51{\textendash}89) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Findings revealed 6 distinct subgroups of work-hour trajectories among couples and that membership in these subgroups was associated with depressive symptoms. Retiring husbands with wives who continued to work and wives who worked minimally throughout the years (regardless of whether their husbands worked or retired) reported more depressive symptoms than other subgroups. These results suggest that work trajectories themselves, beyond current health status, may carry differential psychological health risk. Moreover, several sociodemographic and life course factors in 1998 were significant predictors of trajectory membership. These findings provide insight into midlife factors that may influence work trajectories (and the potential health risk) through to older adulthood. They suggest that a life course examination of work and social contexts is needed for a greater understanding of individual and couple health development.}, keywords = {Couples, Depressive symptoms, Employment and Labor Force}, issn = {2054-4642}, doi = {10.1093/workar/wax028}, url = {http://academic.oup.com/workar/article/4/1/108/4762667http://academic.oup.com/workar/article-pdf/4/1/108/23002634/wax028.pdf}, author = {Wylie H Wan and Toni C Antonucci and Kira S. Birditt and Jacqui Smith and Gwenith G Fisher} } @article {9066, title = {HRS Psychosocial and Lifestyle Questionnaire 2006-2016}, year = {2017}, institution = {Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, author = {Jacqui Smith and Lindsay H Ryan and Gwenith G Fisher and Amanda Sonnega and David R Weir} } @article {6497, title = {Association of retirement age with mortality: a population-based longitudinal study among older adults in the USA.}, journal = {J Epidemiol Community Health}, volume = {70}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Sep}, pages = {917-23}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Retirement is an important transitional process in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts of health on retirement, questions still remain regarding the association of retirement age with survival. We aimed to examine the association between retirement age and mortality among healthy and unhealthy retirees and to investigate whether sociodemographic factors modified this association.

METHODS: On the basis of the Health and Retirement Study, 2956 participants who were working at baseline (1992) and completely retired during the follow-up period from 1992 to 2010 were included. Healthy retirees (n=1934) were defined as individuals who self-reported health was not an important reason to retire. The association of retirement age with all-cause mortality was analysed using the Cox model. Sociodemographic effect modifiers of the relation were examined.

RESULTS: Over the study period, 234 healthy and 262 unhealthy retirees died. Among healthy retirees, a 1-year older age at retirement was associated with an 11\% lower risk of all-cause mortality (95\% CI 8\% to 15\%), independent of a wide range of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health confounders. Similarly, unhealthy retirees (n=1022) had a lower all-cause mortality risk when retiring later (HR 0.91, 95\% CI 0.88 to 0.94). None of the sociodemographic factors were found to modify the association of retirement age with all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS: Early retirement may be a risk factor for mortality and prolonged working life may provide survival benefits among US adults.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Expectancy, Life Style, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Premature, Retirement, Risk Factors, United States}, issn = {1470-2738}, doi = {10.1136/jech-2015-207097}, url = {http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2016/03/21/jech-2015-207097.abstract}, author = {Wu, Chenkai and Michelle C Odden and Gwenith G Fisher and Stawski, Robert S} } @article {8657, title = {Job Lock, Work, and Psychological Well-being in the United States}, journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {May-07-2017}, pages = {345 - 358}, abstract = {The purpose of the present study was to examine job lock in relation to well-being among workers in the United States. Job lock refers to a circumstance in which a worker would like to retire or stop working altogether, but perceives that they cannot due to needing the income, and/or health insurance. Prior to examining job lock as a potential predictor of life satisfaction we first investigated the construct validity of job lock. Results from a sample of N = 308 workers obtained via MTurk indicated that job lock due to financial need was more strongly associated with continuance and affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction compared to health insurance job lock. Job lock due to health insurance needs was related to a dimension of career entrenchment. We then tested hypotheses regarding the relation between job lock at T1 and life satisfaction at T2, 2 years later. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceptions of job lock would be negatively related to life satisfaction. Using 2 independent samples from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we found that both types of job lock were highly prevalent among workers aged 62{\textendash}65. Job lock due to money was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction 2 years later. The findings for job lock due to health insurance were mixed across the 2 samples. This study was an important first step toward examining the relation between job lock, an economic concept, in relation to workers{\textquoteright} job attitudes and well-being.}, keywords = {Depressive symptoms, Employment and Labor Force, Financial Health, Older Adults, Psychosocial}, issn = {2054-4642}, doi = {10.1093/workar/waw004}, url = {http://workar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/workar/waw004}, author = {Gwenith G Fisher and Lindsay H Ryan and Amanda Sonnega and Naud{\'e}, Megan N.} } @article {8659, title = {Retirement Timing: A Review and Recommendations for Future Research}, journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement}, volume = {2}, year = {2016}, month = {02/2016}, pages = {230 - 261}, abstract = {Although there have been many reviews of the retirement literature in recent years, the issue of retirement timing has received less attention, neglecting some large and important issues. Further, a significant number of empirical articles about retirement timing have been published across multiple disciplines since these review articles were written. The purpose of our study is to review and integrate prior research regarding retirement timing. We define retirement timing as the age or relative point at which workers exit from their position or career path (e.g., early, on time, and later). We propose a model to serve as an organizing framework for understanding retirement timing. Our model includes antecedents and consequences that are each grouped in terms of individual, family, work, and sociocultural factors related to the timing of the retirement process. We identify and discuss key factors that serve to moderate the relation between retirement timing and consequences. Finally, we identify gaps in the current literature and provide recommendations for future research.}, keywords = {Future, Older Adults, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, issn = {2054-4642}, doi = {10.1093/workar/waw001}, url = {http://workar.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/workar/waw001}, author = {Gwenith G Fisher and Chaffee, Dorey S. and Amanda Sonnega} } @article {8660, title = {Factors associated with cognitive evaluations in the United States.}, journal = {Neurology}, volume = {84}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jan 06}, pages = {64-71}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to explore factors associated with clinical evaluations for cognitive impairment among older residents of the United States.

METHODS: Two hundred ninety-seven of 845 subjects in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a nationally representative community-based cohort study, met criteria for dementia after a detailed in-person study examination. Informants for these subjects reported whether or not they had ever received a clinical cognitive evaluation outside of the context of ADAMS. Among subjects with dementia, we evaluated demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors associated with an informant-reported clinical cognitive evaluation using bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS: Of the 297 participants with dementia in ADAMS, 55.2\% (representing about 1.8 million elderly Americans in 2002) reported no history of a clinical cognitive evaluation by a physician. In a multivariable logistic regression model (n = 297) controlling for demographics, physical function measures, and dementia severity, marital status (odds ratio for currently married: 2.63 [95\% confidence interval: 1.10-6.35]) was the only significant independent predictor of receiving a clinical cognitive evaluation among subjects with study-confirmed dementia.

CONCLUSIONS: Many elderly individuals with dementia do not receive clinical cognitive evaluations. The likelihood of receiving a clinical cognitive evaluation in elderly individuals with dementia associates with certain patient-specific factors, particularly severity of cognitive impairment and current marital status.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Cohort Studies, Dementia, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Marital Status, Multivariate Analysis, Neuropsychological tests, Severity of Illness Index, United States}, issn = {1526-632X}, doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000001096}, url = {http://www.neurology.org/cgi/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001096}, author = {Vikas Kotagal and Kenneth M. Langa and Brenda L Plassman and Gwenith G Fisher and Bruno J Giordani and Robert B Wallace and James F. Burke and David C Steffens and Mohammed U Kabeto and Roger L. Albin and Norman L Foster} } @inbook {8658, title = {Prolonged working years: Consequences and directions for interventions.}, booktitle = {Sustainable working lives: Managing work transitions and health throughout the life course}, year = {2015}, pages = {269-288}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Netherlands}, keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Happiness, Older Adults, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction}, author = {Gwenith G Fisher and Lindsay H Ryan and Amanda Sonnega} } @article {8022, title = {Mental work demands, retirement, and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive functioning.}, journal = {J Occup Health Psychol}, volume = {19}, year = {2014}, note = {Export Date: 21 April 2014 Source: Scopus Article in Press}, month = {2014 Apr}, pages = {231-42}, publisher = {19}, abstract = {

Age-related changes in cognitive abilities are well-documented, and a very important indicator of health, functioning, and decline in later life. However, less is known about the course of cognitive functioning before and after retirement and specifically whether job characteristics during one{\textquoteright}s time of employment (i.e., higher vs. lower levels of mental work demands) moderate how cognition changes both before and after the transition to retirement. We used data from n = 4,182 (50\% women) individuals in the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel study in the United States, across an 18 year time span (1992-2010). Data were linked to the O*NET occupation codes to gather information about mental job demands to examine whether job characteristics during one{\textquoteright}s time of employment moderates level and rate of change in cognitive functioning (episodic memory and mental status) both before and after retirement. Results indicated that working in an occupation characterized by higher levels of mental demands was associated with higher levels of cognitive functioning before retirement, and a slower rate of cognitive decline after retirement. We controlled for a number of important covariates, including socioeconomic (education and income), demographic, and health variables. Our discussion focuses on pathways through which job characteristics may be associated with the course of cognitive functioning in relation to the important transition of retirement. Implications for job design as well as retirement are offered.

}, keywords = {Cognition, Employment, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, Stress, Psychological}, issn = {1939-1307}, doi = {10.1037/a0035724}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896104239andpartnerID=40andmd5=8a0c0422ba5b68927fdc926a3e8a25b4}, author = {Gwenith G Fisher and Stachowski, Alicia and Frank J Infurna and Jessica Faul and James Grosch and Lois E Tetrick} } @article {8605, title = {The apolipoprotein E genotype predicts longitudinal transitions to mild cognitive impairment but not to Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia: findings from a nationally representative study.}, journal = {Neuropsychology}, volume = {27}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jan}, pages = {86-94}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the most widely accepted genetic risk factor for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia (AD), but findings on whether it is a risk factor for the AD prodrome, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), have been inconsistent. In a prospective longitudinal design, we investigated (a) whether transitions to MCI and other forms of neurocognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) are more frequent among normal ε4 carriers than among noncarriers and (b) whether subsequent transitions to AD from MCI and from other forms of CIND are more frequent among ε4 carriers than among noncarriers.

METHOD: The frequency of the ε4 allele was studied in older adults (mean age > 70), who had participated in two or more waves of neuropsychological testing and diagnosis in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging{\textquoteright}s Health and Retirement Study, conducted by the University of Michigan. The association between ε4 and longitudinal transitions to specific types of CIND and dementia can be determined with this data set.

RESULTS: Epsilon 4 increased the rate of progression from normal functioning to MCI (58\% of new diagnoses were carriers) but not to other forms of CIND. The rate of progression to AD from MCI or from other forms of CIND was not increased by ε4.

CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that ε4 is a risk factor for transitions from normal functioning to MCI but not for subsequent transitions to AD. In the ADAMS sample, the reason ε4 is elevated in AD individuals is because it is already elevated in MCI individuals, who are the primary source of new AD diagnoses.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer disease, Apolipoproteins E, Cognitive Dysfunction, disease progression, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Testing, Genotype, Humans, Logistic Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Neuropsychological tests, Risk Factors, United States}, issn = {1931-1559}, doi = {10.1037/a0030855}, url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/neu/27/1/86/}, author = {Brainerd, C. J. and V. F. Reyna and Ronald C Petersen and Glenn E Smith and Kenney, A. E. and C. J. Gross and Taub, E. S. and Brenda L Plassman and Gwenith G Fisher} } @article {5959, title = {New Measures of Fluid Intelligence in the HRS}, year = {2013}, institution = {Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, Michigan}, abstract = {This user guide describes how measures designed to test quantitative reasoning, verbal reasoning and verbal fluency were implemented in the 2010 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. The Number Series test and Retrieval Fluency test were administered in the 2010 and 2012 waves of HRS to the full sample. The Verbal Analogies test was administered to a 10 percent random sample of the full HRS sample in 2012. Number Series measures quantitative reasoning, a specific type of fluid cognitive ability or fluid intelligence. Quantitative reasoning ability involves reasoning with concepts that depend upon mathematical relationships. The number series task requires the respondent to look at a series of numbers with a number missing from the series. The respondent must determine the numerical pattern and then provide the missing number in the series. Retrieval Fluency measures an aspect of long-term retrieval : fluency of retrieval from stored knowledge. It was first incorporated in the HRS in the 2010 wave . This test is a typical neuropsychology test and was adapted by McArdle and Woodcock from the WJ-III Tests of Achievement: Retrieval Fluency ( Riverside Publishing). The measure consisted of a single item in which respondents were asked to name as many animals as they could within a 60-second time limit. This measure is consistent with animal fluency measures commonly administered in other neuropsychological exams (e.g., the CERAD animal fluency measure; Morris et al., 1989) . Administration protocols, test scoring, and data quality review procedures are discussed for each measure.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Methodology}, author = {Gwenith G Fisher and John J McArdle and Ryan J McCammon and Amanda Sonnega and David R Weir} } @article {8515, title = {Psychosocial and Lifestyle Questionnaire 2006 - 2010: Documentation Report}, year = {2013}, month = {02/2013}, pages = {62}, institution = {Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor}, abstract = {In 2004, HRS piloted a new feature for data collection in the form of self-administered questionnaires that were left with respondents upon the completion of an in-person Core Interview. Since 2006, this mode of data collection has been utilized to obtain information about participants{\textquoteright} evaluations of their life circumstances, subjective wellbeing, and lifestyle. This psychosocial information is obtained in each biennial wave from a rotating (random) 50\% of the core panel participants who complete the enhanced face-to-face interview (EFTF). Longitudinal data will be available at four-year intervals: the 2010 wave provides the first longitudinal psychosocial data from the 2006 participants. Some longitudinal data is also available for the 2004 participants in subsequent waves. Electronic versions of the HRS Participant (Psychosocial) Lifestyle Questionnaires used in the 2004 pilot, and the 2006, 2008, and 2010 waves are available on the HRS website (Documentation/Questionnaires - scroll down to the end of the Biennial Content to Psychosocial - Section LB). Because the questionnaire was left with respondents at the end of the EFTF interview for them to complete and mail back to study offices, the questionnaire came to be known and is referred to on the HRS website as the LeaveBehind (LB). We use the terms Participant Lifestyle Questionnaire and Leave-Behind (or LB) in this report to refer to the self-administered psychosocial data collection.}, keywords = {Data collection, Meta-analyses, Psychosocial, Question Characteristics}, author = {Jacqui Smith and Gwenith G Fisher and Lindsay H Ryan and Philippa J Clarke and House, Jim and David R Weir} } @article {7586, title = {Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the United States.}, journal = {Ann Neurol}, volume = {70}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Sep}, pages = {418-26}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Estimates of incident dementia, and cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND) (or the related mild cognitive impairment) are important for public health and clinical care policy. In this paper, we report US national incidence rates for dementia and CIND.

METHODS: Participants in the Aging, Demographic, and Memory Study (ADAMS) were evaluated for cognitive impairment using a comprehensive in-home assessment. A total of 456 individuals aged 72 years and older, who were not demented at baseline, were followed longitudinally from August 2001 to December 2009. An expert consensus panel assigned a diagnosis of normal cognition, CIND, or dementia and its subtypes. Using a population-weighted sample, we estimated the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and CIND by age. We also estimated the incidence of progression from CIND to dementia.

RESULTS: The incidence of dementia was 33.3 (standard error [SE], 4.2) per 1,000 person-years and 22.9 (SE, 2.9) per 1,000 person-years for AD. The incidence of CIND was 60.4 (SE, 7.2) cases per 1,000 person-years. An estimated 120.3 (SE, 16.9) individuals per 1,000 person-years progressed from CIND to dementia. Over a 5.9-year period, about 3.4 million individuals aged 72 and older in the United States developed incident dementia, of whom approximately 2.3 million developed AD, and about 637,000 developed VaD. Over this same period, almost 4.8 million individuals developed incident CIND.

INTERPRETATION: The incidence of CIND is greater than the incidence of dementia, and those with CIND are at high risk of progressing to dementia, making CIND a potentially valuable target for treatments aimed at slowing cognitive decline.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer disease, Cognition Disorders, Cohort Studies, Dementia, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, disease progression, Female, Humans, Logistic Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Models, Statistical, United States}, issn = {1531-8249}, doi = {10.1002/ana.22362}, author = {Brenda L Plassman and Kenneth M. Langa and Ryan J McCammon and Gwenith G Fisher and Guy G Potter and James R Burke and David C Steffens and Norman L Foster and Bruno J Giordani and Frederick W Unverzagt and Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer and Steven G Heeringa and David R Weir and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7349, title = {Prevalence of depression among older Americans: the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study.}, journal = {Int Psychogeriatr}, volume = {21}, year = {2009}, note = {PMID: 19519984}, month = {2009 Oct}, pages = {879-88}, publisher = {21}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have attempted to provide estimates of depression prevalence in older adults. The Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS) is a population-representative study that included a depression assessment, providing an opportunity to estimate the prevalence of depression in late life in the U.S.A.

METHODS: The ADAMS sample was drawn from the larger Health and Retirement Study. A total of 851 of 856 ADAMS participants aged 71 and older had available depression data. Depression was measured using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Short Form (CIDI-SF) and the informant depression section of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). We estimated the national prevalence of depression, stratified by age, race, sex, and cognitive status. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of depression and previously reported risk factors for the condition.

RESULTS: When combining symptoms of major or minor depression with reported treatment for depression, we found an overall depression prevalence of 11.19\%. Prevalence was similar for men (10.19\%) and women (11.44\%). Whites and Hispanics had nearly three times the prevalence of depression found in African-Americans. Dementia diagnosis and pain severity were associated with increased depression prevalence, while black race was associated with lower rates of depression.

CONCLUSIONS: The finding of similar prevalence estimates for depression in men and women was not consistent with prior research that has shown a female predominance. Given the population-representativeness of our sample, similar depression rates between the sexes in ADAMS may result from racial, ethnic and socioeconomic diversity.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer disease, Black People, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Status, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological tests, Personality Assessment, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic factors, United States, White People}, issn = {1041-6102}, doi = {10.1017/S1041610209990044}, author = {David C Steffens and Gwenith G Fisher and Kenneth M. Langa and Guy G Potter and Brenda L Plassman} } @article {5723, title = {Guide to Content of the HRS Psychosocial Leave-Behind Participant Lifestyle Questionnaires: 2004 and 2006}, year = {2008}, institution = {Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan}, abstract = {In 2004, HRS added a new feature for data collection in the form of self-administered questionnaires that were left with respondents upon the completion of an in-person Core Interview. These are referred to as Leave-Behind Questionnaires and electronic versions of the questionnaires are included in the 2004 Final release and 2006 Early Release. The purpose of the Leave-Behind Questionnaire is to collect additional information from respondents without adding to the interview length. Two separate questionnaires on different topics were included in HRS 2004: a) Participant Lifestyle Questionnaire, which measures psychosocial issues that are described in much more detail later in this report, and b) Participant questionnaire on Work and Health, which included a series of disability vignettes in which people with various levels of physical and mental health impairment were described and respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they think the person described is limited in the kind or amount of work they can do. At the beginning of the vignettes, respondents were asked to rate their own degree of limitation in the kind or amount of work they can do.}, keywords = {Disabilities, Health Conditions and Status}, url = {http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/sitedocs/userg/HRS2006LBQscale.pdf}, author = {Philippa J Clarke and Gwenith G Fisher and House, Jim and Jacqui Smith and David R Weir} } @article {7201, title = {Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States.}, journal = {Ann Intern Med}, volume = {148}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Mar 18}, pages = {427-34}, publisher = {148}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment without dementia is associated with increased risk for disability, increased health care costs, and progression to dementia. There are no population-based prevalence estimates of this condition in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States and determine longitudinal cognitive and mortality outcomes.

DESIGN: Longitudinal study from July 2001 to March 2005.

SETTING: In-home assessment for cognitive impairment.

PARTICIPANTS: Participants in ADAMS (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) who were age 71 years or older drawn from the nationally representative HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Of 1770 selected individuals, 856 completed initial assessment, and of 241 selected individuals, 180 completed 16- to 18-month follow-up assessment.

MEASUREMENTS: Assessments, including neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, and clinical and medical history, were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, or dementia. National prevalence rates were estimated by using a population-weighted sample.

RESULTS: In 2002, an estimated 5.4 million people (22.2\%) in the United States age 71 years or older had cognitive impairment without dementia. Prominent subtypes included prodromal Alzheimer disease (8.2\%) and cerebrovascular disease (5.7\%). Among participants who completed follow-up assessments, 11.7\% with cognitive impairment without dementia progressed to dementia annually, whereas those with subtypes of prodromal Alzheimer disease and stroke progressed at annual rates of 17\% to 20\%. The annual death rate was 8\% among those with cognitive impairment without dementia and almost 15\% among those with cognitive impairment due to medical conditions.

LIMITATIONS: Only 56\% of the nondeceased target sample completed the initial assessment. Population sampling weights were derived to adjust for at least some of the potential bias due to nonresponse and attrition.

CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment without dementia is more prevalent in the United States than dementia, and its subtypes vary in prevalence and outcomes.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognition Disorders, Dementia, disease progression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Prevalence, United States}, issn = {1539-3704}, doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-148-6-200803180-00005}, author = {Brenda L Plassman and Kenneth M. Langa and Gwenith G Fisher and Steven G Heeringa and David R Weir and Mary Beth Ofstedal and James R Burke and Michael D Hurd and Guy G Potter and Willard L Rodgers and David C Steffens and John J McArdle and Robert J. Willis and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7164, title = {Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study.}, journal = {Neuroepidemiology}, volume = {29}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {125-32}, publisher = {29}, abstract = {

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) and other dementias in the USA using a nationally representative sample.

METHODS: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study sample was composed of 856 individuals aged 71 years and older from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who were evaluated for dementia using a comprehensive in-home assessment. An expert consensus panel used this information to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment but not demented, or dementia (and dementia subtype). Using sampling weights derived from the HRS, we estimated the national prevalence of dementia, AD and vascular dementia by age and gender.

RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia among individuals aged 71 and older was 13.9\%, comprising about 3.4 million individuals in the USA in 2002. The corresponding values for AD were 9.7\% and 2.4 million individuals. Dementia prevalence increased with age, from 5.0\% of those aged 71-79 years to 37.4\% of those aged 90 and older.

CONCLUSIONS: Dementia prevalence estimates from this first nationally representative population-based study of dementia in the USA to include subjects from all regions of the country can provide essential information for effective planning for the impending healthcare needs of the large and increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia as our population ages.

}, keywords = {Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Dementia, Female, Geriatric Assessment, Health Surveys, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, United States}, issn = {1423-0208}, doi = {10.1159/000109998}, author = {Brenda L Plassman and Kenneth M. Langa and Gwenith G Fisher and Steven G Heeringa and David R Weir and Mary Beth Ofstedal and James R Burke and Michael D Hurd and Guy G Potter and Willard L Rodgers and David C Steffens and Robert J. Willis and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7002, title = {The Aging, Demographics and Memory Study: Study Design and Methods}, journal = {Neuroepidemiology}, volume = {25}, year = {2005}, pages = {181-191}, publisher = {25}, abstract = {Objective: We describe the design and methods of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a new national study that will provide data on the antecedents, prevalence, outcomes, and costs of dementia and cognitive impairment, not demented (CIND) using a unique study design based on the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We also illustrate potential uses of the ADAMS data and provide information to interested researchers on obtaining ADAMS and HRS data. Methods: The ADAMS is the first population-based study of dementia in the United States to include subjects from all regions of the country, while at the same time using a single standardized diagnostic protocol in a community-based sample. A sample of 856 individuals aged 70 or older who were participants in the on-going HRS received an extensive in-home clinical and neuropsychological assessment to determine a diagnosis of normal, CIND, or dementia. Within the CIND and dementia categories, subcategories (e.g., Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia) were assigned to denote the etiology of cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Linking the ADAMS dementia clinical assessment data to the wealth of available longitudinal HRS data on health, health care utilization, informal care, and economic resources and behavior, will provide a unique opportunity to study the onset of CIND and dementia in a nationally-representative population-based sample, as well as the risk factors, prevalence, outcomes, and costs of CIND and dementia.}, keywords = {Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare}, author = {Kenneth M. Langa and Brenda L Plassman and Robert B Wallace and A. Regula Herzog and Steven G Heeringa and Mary Beth Ofstedal and James F. Burke and Gwenith G Fisher and Fultz, Nancy H. and Michael D Hurd and Guy G Potter and Willard L Rodgers and David C Steffens and David R Weir} }