@article {12095, title = {Workplace Injuries and Receipt of Benefits from Workers Compensation and SSDI}, number = {MRDRC WP 2021-424}, year = {2021}, institution = {Michigan Retirement and Disability Research Center, University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and matched Social Security Administration (SSA) data to study two questions. First, we examine evidence on whether workers who suffer permanently disabling injuries covered by workers{\textquoteright} compensation (WC) subsequently end up on Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). Second, under some conditions, SSDI benefits are supposed to be reduced for workers receiving WC benefits ({\textquotedblleft}offsets{\textquotedblright}). Offsets are most relevant for workers with WC-compensable, permanently disabling injuries. Our analysis captures data on WC benefit receipt from the HRS and links it to SSA data on WC and SSDI recipients. We find that SSA appears to be missing data on WC benefits for a sizable share of WC-benefit recipients, and that the frequency of SSDI benefit reduction because of the WC offset seems surprisingly low.}, keywords = {Social Security Administration, Social Security Disability Insurance, workplace injuries}, url = {https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/workplace-injuries-and-receipt-of-benefits-from-workers-compensation-and-ssdi/}, author = {Ladd, Daniel and David Neumark} } @article {9621, title = {Do State Laws Protecting Older Workers from Discrimination Reduce Age Discrimination in Hiring? Experimental (and Nonexperimental) Evidence}, number = {WP 2017-360}, year = {2017}, pages = {1-79}, institution = {Michigan Retirement Research Center}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {We provide evidence from a field experiment {\textemdash} a correspondence study {\textemdash} on age discrimination in hiring for retail sales jobs. We collect experimental data in all 50 states and then relate measured age discrimination {\textemdash} the difference in callback rates between old and young applicants {\textemdash} to variation across states in antidiscrimination laws offering protections to older workers that are stronger than the federal age and disability discrimination laws. We do a similar analysis for nonexperimental data on differences across states in hiring rates of older versus younger workers. The experimental evidence points consistently to evidence of hiring discrimination against older men and, more so, against older women. However, the evidence on the relationship between hiring discrimination against older workers and state variation in age and disability discrimination laws is not so clear; at a minimum, there is not a compelling case that stronger state protections reduce hiring discrimination against older workers. In contrast, the non-experimental evidence suggests that stronger disability discrimination protections increase the relative hiring of older workers.}, keywords = {Ageism, Discrimination, Labor force participation}, url = {http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/pdf/wp360.pdf}, author = {David Neumark and Ian Burn and Patrick Button and Nanneh Chehras} } @article {9099, title = {Does eliminating the earnings test increase the incidence of low income among older women?}, number = {Working Paper No. 21601}, year = {2015}, month = {10/2015}, institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {Reducing or eliminating Social Security{\textquoteright}s Retirement Earnings Test (RET) can encourage labor supply of older individuals receiving benefits. However, these reforms can encourage earlier claiming of Social Security benefits, permanently lowering future benefits. We explore the consequences, for older women, of eliminating the RET from the Full Retirement Age to age 69 (in 2000), relying on the inter-cohort variation in exposure to changes in the RET to estimate these effects. The evidence is consistent with the conclusion that eliminating the RET increased the likelihood of having very low incomes among women in their mid-70s and older {\textendash} ages at which the lower benefits from claiming earlier could outweigh higher income in the earlier period when women or their husbands increased their labor supply.}, keywords = {Income inequality, Restricted data, Women and Minorities}, doi = {10.3386/w21601}, url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21601.pdf}, author = {Theodore F. Figinski and David Neumark} } @article {8635, title = {Does Protecting Older Workers from Discrimination Make It Harder to Get Hired? Evidence from Disability Discrimination Laws}, journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series}, volume = {No. 21379}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, abstract = {We explore the effects of disability discrimination laws on hiring of older workers. A concern with anti-discrimination laws is that they may reduce hiring by raising the cost of terminations and {\textendash} in the specific case of disability discrimination laws {\textendash} raising the cost of employment because of the need to accommodate disabled workers. Moreover, disability discrimination laws can affect non-disabled older workers because they are fairly likely to develop work-related disabilities, yet are not protected by these laws. Using state variation in disability discrimination protections, we find little or no evidence that stronger disability discrimination laws lower the hiring of non-disabled older workers. We similarly find no evidence of adverse effects of disability discrimination laws on hiring of disabled older workers.}, keywords = {Ageism, Aging Workforce, Bridge employment, Disabilities, Older Adults}, url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21379}, author = {David Neumark and Joanne Song and Patrick Button} } @mastersthesis {6018, title = {Essays on Saving Behavior}, volume = {3565428}, year = {2013}, note = {Copyright - Copyright ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing 2013 Last updated - 2014-01-23 First page - n/a}, month = {2013}, pages = {104}, school = {University of California, Irvine}, type = {Ph.D.}, address = {Irvine, CA}, abstract = {This dissertation combines three projects studying saving behavior. The first chapter presents a model of reference-dependent retirement saving behavior using a gain-loss utility function drawn from prospect theory. I show that this model predicts empirical characteristics of retirement saving behavior including adherence to defaults, under-saving, and the positive correlation between saving rates and financial knowledge. An additional testable implication of the model is that more financially-knowledgeable individuals will have wider variance than people with low financial knowledge. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, I show that this implication is also supported by empirical results. The second chapter investigates the effects of financial training and planning on saving in a laboratory experiment. Subjects choose when to use tokens to watch video clips over the course of a 50-minute session. Boredom encourages subjects to use tokens immediately, while increased video length in later rounds creates an incentive to use them later. Subjects who receive minimal instructions tend to use their tokens early. Intensive training increases saving rates. The planning treatment has no effect on low-training subjects, but leads intensively trained subjects to smooth tokens across the five rounds rather than spending early or waiting until the end. Evidence from correlations between spending tokens early and high elicited discount rate, as well as subjects{\textquoteright} comments about struggling to wait before using tokens, provide support for the external validity of this experiment design. The third chapter examines the relationship between {\textquoteleft}Big 5{\textquoteright} personality traits and low saving rates. Several traits are shown to predict under-saving, with low conscientiousness being particularly important and robust. I then investigate whether personality traits also explain the effects of education, financial literacy, and financial planning. This might occur if certain personality types tended to participate in these activities and also tended to save. I find that the effects of education and financial literacy are robust to personality. The influence of financial planning might be explainable by personality-based selection.}, keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Health Conditions and Status, Methodology, Net Worth and Assets}, url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1413316840?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQuest+Dissertations+\%26+Theses+A\%26I\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertat}, author = {Meryl Motika} } @article {RePEc:mrr:papers:wp265, title = {Barriers to Later Retirement: Increases in the Full Retirement Age, Age Discrimination, and the Physical Challenges of Work}, year = {2012}, institution = {Michigan Retirement Research Center}, abstract = {Policy changes intended to delay retirements of older workers and extend their work lives may run up against demand-side barriers from age discrimination, and supply-side barriers owing to rising physical challenges of work as people age. We study three questions. How do age discrimination protections affect labor market transitions of workers encouraged to work longer by increases in Social Security{\textquoteright}s Full Retirement Age (FRA)? How do physical challenges at work influence employment transitions of older workers for whom public policy is trying to delay retirement? And what role do stronger age discrimination protections play in helping workers facing physical challenges at work? We find that stronger state age discrimination protections increase employment and hiring for older workers caught by increases in the FRA. We also find that physical challenges pose a barrier to extending work lives, although some workers with physically-demanding jobs are able to mitigate these demands {\textendash} either at new jobs or with the same employer. However, for the most part stronger age discrimination protections do not appear to contribute to older workers{\textquoteright} ability to mitigate physical challenges at work.}, keywords = {Discrimination, FRA, Full Retirement Age, Retirement, Work}, url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/mrr/papers/wp265.html}, author = {David Neumark and Joanne Song} } @article {7756, title = {The effects of health shocks on employment and health insurance: the role of employer-provided health insurance.}, journal = {Int J Health Care Finance Econ}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Dec}, pages = {253-67}, abstract = {

Employment-contingent health insurance (ECHI) has been criticized for tying insurance to continued employment. Our research sheds light on two central issues regarding employment-contingent health insurance: whether such insurance "locks" people who experience a health shock into remaining at work; and whether it puts people at risk for insurance loss upon the onset of illness, because health shocks pose challenges to continued employment. We study how men{\textquoteright}s dependence on their own employer for health insurance affects labor supply responses and health insurance coverage following a health shock. We use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) surveys from 1996 through 2008 to observe employment and health insurance status at interviews 2 years apart, and whether a health shock occurred in the intervening period between the interviews. All employed married men with health insurance either through their own employer or their spouse{\textquoteright}s employer, interviewed in at least two consecutive HRS waves with non-missing data on employment, insurance, health, demographic, and other variables, and under age 64 at the second interview are included in the study sample. We then limited the sample to men who were initially healthy. Our analytical sample consisted of 1,582 men of whom 1,379 had ECHI at the first interview, while 203 were covered by their spouse{\textquoteright}s employer. Hospitalization affected 209 men with ECHI and 36 men with spouse insurance. A new disease diagnosis was reported by 103 men with ECHI and 22 men with other insurance. There were 171 men with ECHI and 25 men with spouse employer insurance who had a self-reported health decline. Labor supply response differences associated with ECHI-with men with health shocks and ECHI more likely to continue working-appear to be driven by specific types of health shocks associated with future higher health care costs but not with immediate increases in morbidity that limit continued employment. Men with ECHI who have a self-reported health decline are significantly more likely to lose health insurance than men with insurance through a spouse. With the passage of health care reform, the tendency of men with ECHI as opposed to other sources of insurance to remain employed following a health shock may be diminished, along with the likelihood of losing health insurance.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Employment, Health Benefit Plans, Employee, Health Status, Hospitalization, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Lung Diseases, Male, Neoplasms, Occupations, Retirement, Socioeconomic factors, Spouses}, issn = {1573-6962}, doi = {10.1007/s10754-012-9113-2}, author = {Cathy J. Bradley and David Neumark and Meryl Motika} } @article {5909, title = {Do Stronger Age Discrimination Laws Make Social Security Reforms More Effective?}, number = {WP 2011-249}, year = {2011}, institution = {Michigan Retirement and Disability Research Center, University of Michigan}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {Supply-side Social Security reforms to increase employment and delay benefit claiming among older individuals may be frustrated by age discrimination. We test for policy complementarities between supply-side Social Security reforms and demand-side efforts to deter age discrimination, specifically studying whether stronger state-level age discrimination protections enhanced the impact of the increases in the Social Security Full Retirement Age (FRA) that occurred in the past decade. The evidence indicates that, for older individuals who were caught by the increase in the FRA, benefit claiming reductions and employment increases were sharper in states with stronger age discrimination protections.}, keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security}, url = {https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/do-stronger-age-discrimination-laws-make-social-security-reforms-more-effective-3/}, author = {David Neumark and Joanne Song} } @article {6832, title = {Breast cancer and women{\textquoteright}s labor supply.}, journal = {Health Serv Res}, volume = {37}, year = {2002}, month = {2002 Oct}, pages = {1309-28}, publisher = {37}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of breast cancer on women{\textquoteright}s labor supply. DATE SOURCE/STUDY SETTING: Using the 1992 Health and Retirement Study, we estimate the probability of working using probit regression and then, for women who are employed, we estimate regressions for average weekly hours worked using ordinary least squares (OLS). We control for health status by using responses to perceived health status and comorbidities. For a sample of married women, we control for spouses{\textquoteright} employer-based health insurance. We also perform additional analyses to detect selection bias in our sample.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We find that the probability of breast cancer survivors working is 10 percentage points less than that for women without breast cancer. Among women who work, breast cancer survivors work approximately three more hours per week than women who do not have cancer. Results of similar magnitude persist after health status is controlled in the analysis, and although we could not definitively rule out selection bias, we could not find evidence that our results are attributable to selection bias.

CONCLUSIONS: For some women, breast cancer may impose an economic hardship because it causes them to leave theirjobs. However, for women who survive and remain working, this study failed to show a negative effect on hours worked associated with breast cancer. Perhaps the morbidity associated with certain types and stages of breast cancer and its treatment does not interfere with work.

}, keywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Comorbidity, Cost of Illness, Decision making, Employment, Family Characteristics, Female, Health Benefit Plans, Employee, Health Status, Humans, Marital Status, Middle Aged, Probability, Selection Bias, Survivors, United States, Women, Working}, issn = {0017-9124}, doi = {10.1111/1475-6773.01041}, author = {Cathy J. Bradley and Bednarek, Heather and David Neumark} } @article {6789, title = {Breast cancer survival, work, and earnings.}, journal = {J Health Econ}, volume = {21}, year = {2002}, month = {2002 Sep}, pages = {757-79}, publisher = {21}, abstract = {

Relying on data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) linked to longitudinal social security earnings data, we examine differences between breast cancer survivors and a non-cancer control group in employment, hours worked, wages, and earnings. Overall, breast cancer has a negative impact on employment. However, among survivors who work, hours of work, wages, and earnings are higher compared to women in the control group. We explore possible biases underlying these estimates, focusing on selection, but cannot rule out a causal interpretation. Our research points to heterogeneous labor market responses to breast cancer, and shows that breast cancer does not appear to be debilitating for women who remain in the work force.

}, keywords = {Breast Neoplasms, Cohort Studies, Diagnostic Tests, Routine, Efficiency, Employment, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mammography, Middle Aged, Models, Econometric, Probability, Research Design, Retirement, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Social Security, Survivors, United States, Women, Working}, issn = {0167-6296}, doi = {10.1016/s0167-6296(02)00059-0}, author = {Cathy J. Bradley and Bednarek, Heather and David Neumark} } @article {5439, title = {Breast Cancer Survival, Work, and Earnings}, number = {8134}, year = {2001}, institution = {The National Bureau of Economic Research}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {Relying on data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine differences between breast cancer survivors and a non-cancer control group in employment, hours worked, wages, and earnings. Overall, breast cancer has a negative impact on the decision to work. However, among survivors who work, hours of work and, correspondingly, annual earnings are higher compared to women in the non-cancer control group. These findings suggest that while breast cancer has a negative effect on women{\textquoteright}s employment, breast cancer may not be debilitating for those who remain in the work force. We explore numerous possible biases underlying our estimates especially selection based on information in the Health and Retirement Study, and examine related evidence from supplemental data sources.}, keywords = {Demographics, Employment and Labor Force, Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare, Medicare/Medicaid/Health Insurance, Methodology, Other, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security, Women and Minorities}, doi = {10.3386/w8134}, author = {Cathy J. Bradley and Bednarek, Heather and David Neumark} }