@article {11719,
	title = {Cognition in context: Pathways and compound risk in a sample of US non-Hispanic whites.},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	volume = {283},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {114183},
	abstract = {<p>The population of individuals with cognitive impairment and dementia is growing rapidly, necessitating etiological investigation. It is clear that individual differences in cognition later in life have both genetic and multi-level environmental correlates. Despite significant recent progress in cellular and molecular research, the exact mechanisms linking genes, brains, and cognition remain elusive. In relation to cognition, it is unlikely that genetic and environmental risk factors function in a vacuum, but rather interact and cluster together. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether aspects of individual socioeconomic status (SES) explain the cognitive genotype-phenotype association, and whether neighborhood SES modifies the effects of genes and individual SES on cognitive ability. Using data from non-Hispanic White participants in the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study, a national sample of United States adults, we examined links between a polygenic score for general cognition and performance-based cognitive functioning. In a series of weighted linear regressions and formal tests of mediation, we observed a significant genotype-phenotype association that was partially attenuated after including individual education to the baseline model, although little reductions were observed for household wealth or census tract-level percent poverty. These findings suggest that genetic risk for poor cognition is partially explained by education, and this pathway is not modified by poverty-level of the neighborhood.</p>},
	keywords = {Cognition, Education, Neighborhoods, polygenic score, Poverty, Wealth},
	issn = {1873-5347},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114183},
	author = {Jennifer W Robinette and Jason D Boardman}
}
@article {VELASQUEZ2021100927,
	title = {What predicts how safe people feel in their neighborhoods and does it depend on functional status?},
	journal = {SSM - Population Health},
	volume = {16},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {100927},
	abstract = {Feeling unsafe in one{\textquoteright}s neighborhood is related to poor health. Features of the neighborhood environment have been suggested to inform perceptions of neighborhood safety. Yet, the relative contribution of these features (e.g., uneven sidewalks, crime, perceived neighborhood physical disorder) on perceived neighborhood safety, particularly among people with disabilities who may view themselves as more vulnerable, is not well understood. We examined whether sidewalk quality assessed by third party raters, county-level crime rates, and perceived neighborhood disorder would relate to neighborhood safety concerns, and whether functional limitations would exacerbate these links. Using data from the 2012/2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 10,653, mean age = 66 years), a national sample of older US adults, we demonstrate that those with and without functional limitations felt less safe in areas with more crime and perceived as more disordered. When considered simultaneously, however, only perceived disorder statistically significantly predicted safety concerns. Living in neighborhoods with better sidewalk quality was statistically significantly related to feeling less safe, but only among those with functional limitations. Sidewalk quality was not statistically significantly related to safety reports among those without functional limitations. To our knowledge, this study is among the first to examine multiple features of the neighborhood environment simultaneously in relation to perceived neighborhood safety. Our findings highlight the relative importance of perceived physical disorder, and that these perceptions relate to safety concerns. Replication of this research is needed to determine the robustness of these patterns, including rich data on pedestrian use and sidewalk proximity to roadways. Community-level interventions that simultaneously target the multifaceted features of the neighborhood environment that shape people{\textquoteright}s safety reports may be needed to reduce burden of health.},
	keywords = {Crime, Functional limitations, Neighborhood safety, Physical disorder, Sidewalks},
	issn = {2352-8273},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100927},
	author = {Alfredo J. Velasquez and Jason A. Douglas and Fangqi Guo and Jennifer W Robinette}
}
@article {Robinette388,
	title = {Differential vulnerability to neighbourhood disorder: a gene{\texttimes}environment interaction study},
	journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {388{\textendash}392},
	abstract = {Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is preventable, it is increasing in prevalence and it is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Importantly, residents of neighbourhoods with high levels of disorder are more likely to develop T2D than those living in less disordered neighbourhoods and neighbourhood disorder may exacerbate genetic risk for T2D.Method We use genetic, self-reported neighbourhood, and health data from the Health and Retirement Study. We conducted weighted logistic regression analyses in which neighbourhood disorder, polygenic scores for T2D and their interaction predicted T2D.Results Greater perceptions of neighbourhood disorder (OR=1.11, p\&lt;0.001) and higher polygenic scores for T2D (OR=1.42, p\&lt;0.001) were each significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of T2D. Furthermore, living in a neighbourhood perceived as having high levels of disorder exacerbated genetic risk for T2D (OR=1.10},
	keywords = {Diabetes, Genetics, neighborhood},
	issn = {0143-005X},
	doi = {10.1136/jech-2018-211373},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6935762/},
	author = {Jennifer W Robinette and Jason D Boardman and Eileen M. Crimmins}
}
@article {9960,
	title = {Differential vulnerability to neighbourhood disorder: a gene{\texttimes}environment interaction study},
	journal = {Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health},
	volume = {73},
	year = {2019},
	month = {05/2019},
	pages = {388-392},
	abstract = {Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is preventable, it is increasing in prevalence and it is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Importantly, residents of neighbourhoods with high levels of disorder are more likely to develop T2D than those living in less disordered neighbourhoods and neighbourhood disorder may exacerbate genetic risk for T2D. Method: We use genetic, self-reported neighbourhood, and health data from the Health and Retirement Study. We conducted weighted logistic regression analyses in which neighbourhood disorder, polygenic scores for T2D and their interaction predicted T2D. Results: Greater perceptions of neighbourhood disorder (OR=1.11, p<0.001) and higher polygenic scores for T2D (OR=1.42, p<0.001) were each significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of T2D. Furthermore, living in a neighbourhood perceived as having high levels of disorder exacerbated genetic risk for T2D (OR=1.10, p=0.001). This significant gene{\texttimes}environment interaction was observed after adjusting for years of schooling, age, gender, levels of physical activity and obesity. Conclusion: Findings in the present study suggested that minimising people{\textquoteright}s exposure to vandalism, vacant buildings, trash and circumstances viewed by residents as unsafe may reduce the burden of this prevalent chronic health condition, particularly for subgroups of the population who carry genetic liability for T2D.},
	keywords = {Diabetes, Genetics, Neighborhoods},
	issn = {0143-005X},
	doi = {10.1136/jech-2018-211373},
	url = {http://jech.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jech-2018-211373https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1136/jech-2018-211373},
	author = {Jennifer W Robinette and Jason D Boardman and Eileen M. Crimmins}
}
@article {10596,
	title = {Perceived neighborhood social cohesion and cardiometabolic risk: a gene x environment study},
	journal = {BIODEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-15},
	abstract = {People living in socially cohesive neighborhoods generally have better health. We extend this research by evaluating the hypothesis that perceived neighborhood cohesion may influence health by attenuating genetic liability for cardiometabolic risk factors. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (n = 6615; mean age 69.7), we conducted a gene x environment interaction study hypothesizing that perceived neighborhood cohesion would attenuate the link between polygenic scores for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index and a measure of multisystem cardiometabolic risk (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, A1c, C-reactive protein, and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). In support of the hypothesis, results indicated that among people perceiving low neighborhood cohesion, higher WHR polygenic scores were associated with greater cardiometabolic risk. In contrast, the genetic-cardiometabolic risk link was much attenuated among those living in neighborhoods perceived as socially cohesive. Our results support community-level interventions to enhance the social cohesiveness of individuals{\textquoteright} neighborhoods which may provide health benefits by reducing the risks associated with known genetic risk factors.},
	keywords = {BODY-MASS INDEX; BLOOD-PRESSURE; OBESITY; DETERMINANTS; PREDICTION;},
	issn = {1948-5565},
	doi = {10.1080/19485565.2019.1568672},
	author = {Jennifer W Robinette and Jason D Boardman and Eileen M. Crimmins}
}
@article {9452,
	title = {Neighborhood cohesion, neighborhood disorder, and cardiometabolic risk.},
	journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
	volume = {198},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {70-76},
	abstract = {Perceptions of neighborhood disorder (trash, vandalism) and cohesion (neighbors trust one another) are related to residents{\textquoteright} health. Affective and behavioral factors have been identified, but often in studies using geographically select samples. We use a nationally representative sample (n = 9032) of United States older adults from the Health and Retirement Study to examine cardiometabolic risk in relation to perceptions of neighborhood cohesion and disorder. Lower cohesion is significantly related to greater cardiometabolic risk in 2006/2008 and predicts greater risk four years later (2010/2012). The longitudinal relation is partially accounted for by anxiety and physical activity.},
	keywords = {Depressive symptoms, Neighborhoods, Social Relationships},
	issn = {1873-5347},
	doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.025},
	author = {Jennifer W Robinette and Susan T Charles and Tara L Gruenewald}
}
