@article {9002, title = {Physical activity, but not body mass index, predicts less disability before and after stroke.}, journal = {Neurology}, volume = {88}, year = {2017}, month = {05/2017}, pages = {1718-1726}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physical activity and body mass index (BMI) predict instrumental or basic activities of daily living (I/ADL) trajectories before or after stroke compared to individuals who remained stroke-free.

METHODS: Using a prospective cohort, the Health and Retirement Study, we followed adults without a history of stroke in 1998 (n = 18,117) for up to 14 years. We estimated linear regression models of I/ADL trajectories comparing individuals who remained stroke-free throughout follow-up (n = 16,264), those who survived stroke (n = 1,374), and those who died after stroke and before the next interview wave (n = 479). We evaluated whether I/ADL trajectories differed by physical activity or BMI at baseline (before stroke), adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic covariates.

RESULTS: Compared to those who were physically active, stroke survivors who were physically inactive at baseline had a lower probability of independence in ADLs and IADLs 3 years after stroke (risk difference = -0.18 and -0.16 for ADLs and IADLs, respectively). However, a similar difference in the probability of independence was also present 3 years before stroke, and we observed no evidence that physical activity slowed the rate of decline in independence before or after stroke. Unlike the results for physical activity, we did not observe a consistent pattern for the probability of independence in ADLs or IADLs comparing obese stroke survivors to normal-weight or to overweight stroke survivors 3 years before stroke or 3 years after stroke.

CONCLUSIONS: Physical inactivity predicts a higher risk of being dependent both before and after stroke.

}, keywords = {BMI, Disabilities, Older Adults, Physical activity, Stroke}, issn = {1526-632X}, doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000003888}, author = {Pamela M. Rist and Benjamin D Capistrant and Elizabeth R Mayeda and Sze Y Liu and M. Maria Glymour} } @article {7995, title = {The disability burden associated with stroke emerges before stroke onset and differentially affects blacks: results from the health and retirement study cohort.}, journal = {J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci}, volume = {69}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Jul}, pages = {860-70}, publisher = {69}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Few longitudinal studies compare changes in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) among stroke-free adults to prospectively document IADL changes among adults who experience stroke. We contrast annual declines in IADL independence for older individuals who remain stroke free to those for individuals who experienced stroke. We also assess whether these patterns differ by sex, race, or Southern birthplace.

METHODS: Health and Retirement Study participants who were stroke free in 1998 (n = 17,741) were followed through 2010 (average follow-up = 8.9 years) for self- or proxy-reported stroke. We used logistic regressions to compare annual changes in odds of self-reported independence in six IADLs among those who remained stroke free throughout follow-up (n = 15,888), those who survived a stroke (n = 1,412), and those who had a stroke and did not survive to participate in another interview (n = 442). We present models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic covariates and also stratified on sex, race, and Southern birthplace.

RESULTS: Compared with similar cohort members who remained stroke free, participants who developed stroke had faster declines in IADL independence and lower probability of IADL independence prior to stroke. After stroke, independence declined at an annual rate similar to those who did not have stroke. The black-white disparity in IADL independence narrowed poststroke.

CONCLUSION: Racial differences in IADL independence are apparent long before stroke onset. Poststroke differences in IADL independence largely reflect prestroke disparities.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Black or African American, Cohort Studies, Disabled Persons, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Stroke, United States, White People}, issn = {1758-535X}, doi = {10.1093/gerona/glt191}, url = {http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/01/19/gerona.glt191.abstract}, author = {Benjamin D Capistrant and Nicte I Mejia and Sze Y Liu and Qianyi Wang and M. Maria Glymour} } @article {7814, title = {Stroke-associated differences in rates of activity of daily living loss emerge years before stroke onset.}, journal = {J Am Geriatr Soc}, volume = {61}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jun}, pages = {931-938}, publisher = {61}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To compare typical age-related changes in activities of daily living (ADLs) independence in stroke-free adults with long-term ADL trajectories before and after stroke.

DESIGN: Prospective, observational study.

SETTING: Community-dwelling Health and Retirement Study (HRS) cohort.

PARTICIPANTS: HRS participants who were stroke free in 1998 and were followed through 2008 (average follow-up 7.9 years) (N = 18,441).

MEASUREMENTS: Strokes were assessed using self- or proxy-report of a doctor{\textquoteright}s diagnosis and month and year of event. Logistic regression was used to compare within-person changes in odds of self-reported independence in five ADLs in those who remained stroke free throughout follow-up (n = 16,816), those who survived a stroke (n = 1,208), and those who had a stroke and did not survive to participate in another interview (n = 417). Models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic covariates.

RESULTS: Even before stroke, those who later developed stroke had significantly lower ADL independence and were experiencing faster independence losses than similar-aged individuals who remained stroke free. Of those who developed a stroke, survivors experienced slower pre-stroke loss of ADL independence than those who died. ADL independence declined at the time of stroke and decline continued afterwards.

CONCLUSION: In adults at risk of stroke, disproportionate ADL limitations emerge well before stroke onset. Excess disability in stroke survivors should not be entirely attributed to effects of acute stroke or quality of acute stroke care. Although there are many possible causal pathways between ADL and stroke, the association may be noncausal. For example, ADL limitations may be a consequence of stroke risk factors (e.g., diabetes mellitus) or early cerebrovascular ischemia.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Age of Onset, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Bayes Theorem, Disability Evaluation, Disabled Persons, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Prospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic factors, Stroke, Stroke Rehabilitation, Survival Rate, Survivors, Time Factors, United States}, issn = {1532-5415}, doi = {10.1111/jgs.12270}, author = {Benjamin D Capistrant and Qianyi Wang and Sze Y Liu and M. Maria Glymour} } @article {7865, title = {Type of high-school credentials and older age ADL and IADL limitations: is the GED credential equivalent to a diploma?}, journal = {Gerontologist}, volume = {53}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Apr}, pages = {326-33}, publisher = {53}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: Educational attainment is a robust predictor of disability in elderly Americans: older adults with high-school (HS) diplomas have substantially lower disability than individuals who did not complete HS. General Educational Development (GED) diplomas now comprise almost 20\% of new HS credentials issued annually in the United States but it is unknown whether the apparent health advantages of HS diplomas extend to GED credentials. This study examines whether adults older than 50 years with GEDs have higher odds of incident instrumental or basic activities of daily living (IADLs) limitations compared with HS degree holders.

METHODS: We compared odds of incident IADL limitations by HS credential type using discrete-time survival models among 9,426 Health and Retirement Study participants followed from 1998 through 2008.

RESULTS: HS degree holders had lower odds of incident IADLs than GED holders (OR = 0.72, 95\% CI = 0.58, 0.90 and OR = 0.69, 95\% CI = 0.56, 0.86 for ADLs and IADLs, respectively). There was no significant difference in odds of incident IADL limitations between GED holders and respondents without HS credentials (OR = 0.89, 95\% CI = 0.71, 1.11 for ADLs; OR = 0.88, 95\% CI = 0.70, 1.12 for IADLs).

IMPLICATIONS: Although GEDs are widely accepted as equivalent to high school diplomas, they are not associated with comparable health advantages for physical limitations in older age.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Disabled Persons, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Logistic Models, Male, Socioeconomic factors, United States}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gns077}, author = {Sze Y Liu and Chavan, Niraj R. and M. Maria Glymour} } @article {7725, title = {Self-reported and measured hypertension among older US- and foreign-born adults.}, journal = {J Immigr Minor Health}, volume = {14}, year = {2012}, note = {Copyright - Springer Science Business Media, LLC 2012 Language of summary - English Location - United States--US Pages - 721-6 ProQuest ID - 1022672464 Document feature - References SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - United States--US Last updated - 2012-07-11 Place of publication - New York Corporate institution author - White, Kellee; Avenda o, Mauricio; Capistrant, Benjamin D; Robin Moon, J; Liu, Sze Y; Maria Glymour, M DOI - 2699707771; 70149852; 53471; JIMH; 22109587; SPVLJIMH109031449549}, month = {2012 Aug}, pages = {721-6}, publisher = {14}, abstract = {

Self-reported hypertension is frequently used for health surveillance. However, little is known about the validity of self-reported hypertension among older Americans by nativity status. This study compared self-reported and measured hypertension among older black, white, and Hispanic Americans by nativity using the 2006 and 2008 Health and Retirement Study (n~=~13,451). Sensitivity and specificity of self-reported hypertension were calculated using the Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure definition. Sensitivity was high among older blacks (88.9\%), whites (82.8\%), and Hispanics (84.0\%), and both foreign-born (83.2\%) and US-born (84.0\%). Specificity was above 90\% for both US-born and foreign-born, but higher for whites (92.8\%) than blacks (86.0\%). Despite the potential vulnerability of older foreign-born Americans, self-reported hypertension may be considered a reasonable estimate of hypertension status. Future research should confirm these findings in samples with a larger and more ethnically diverse foreign-born population.

}, keywords = {Aged, Black or African American, Blood Pressure Determination, Emigrants and Immigrants, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Reproducibility of Results, Self Report, United States, White People}, issn = {1557-1920}, doi = {10.1007/s10903-011-9549-3}, url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1022672464?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/ProQ 3Aabiglobalandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journalandrft.genre=articl}, author = {White, Kellee and Mauricio Avendano and Benjamin D Capistrant and J Robin Moon and Sze Y Liu and M. Maria Glymour} }