@article {5950,
	title = {Are Gender Differences Emerging in the Retirement Patterns of the Early Boomers?},
	year = {2013},
	institution = {Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics},
	abstract = {Controlling for career employment later in life, the retirement patterns of men and women in America have resembled one another for much of the past two decades. Is this relationship coming to an end? Recent research suggests that the retirement patterns of the Early Boomers   those born between 1948 and 1953   have diverged from those of earlier cohorts. Gender differences appear to be emerging as well in the way that career men and women exit the labor force, after nearly two decades of similarities. This paper explores these gender differences in detail to help determine whether we are witnessing a break in trend or merely a short-term occurrence. We use data on three cohorts of older Americans from the nationally-representative, longitudinal Health and Retirement Study (HRS) that began in 1992. We explore by gender the types of job transitions that occur later in life and explore, in particular, the role of four potentially relevant determinants: the presence of dependent children; a parent in need of caregiving assistance; occupational status on the career job; and self-employment status. We find that, among career men and women, child and parental caregiving are not significant drivers of the retirement transitions of the Early Boomers, all else equal. Gender differences that may exist with respect to these characteristics are therefore unlikely to lead to persistent gender differences in retirement patterns. In contrast, self employment continues to be a statistically significant determinant of bridge job transitions and phased retirement. This finding, combined with the fact that men are much more likely than women to be self employed later in life, could lead to some differences by gender going forward, though the impact is likely to be limited given that the large majority of older workers are in wage-and-salary employment. Older Americans   both men and women   are responding to their economic environment by working later in life and exiting the labor force gradually. While some determinants of these decisions likely impact men and women differently, gender differences with respect to the retirement patterns of the Early Boomers appear to be the result of broader macroeconomic forces. The evidence to date suggests that gender differences may dissipate as the recovery ensues.},
	keywords = {Demographics, Employment and Labor Force, Healthcare, Net Worth and Assets, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Women and Minorities},
	url = {http://www.bls.gov/osmr/pdf/ec130090.pdf},
	author = {Kevin E. Cahill and Michael D. Giandrea and Joseph F. Quinn}
}
@article {5614,
	title = {Are Traditional Retirements a Thing of the Past?  New Evidence on Retirement Patterns and Bridge Jobs},
	year = {2005},
	institution = {Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics},
	abstract = {Purpose: This paper investigates whether permanent, one-time retirements are coming to an end just as the trend towards earlier and earlier retirements did nearly 20 years ago. We explore how common bridge jobs are among today s retirees, and how uncommon traditional retirements have become. Methods: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we explore the work histories and retirement patterns of a cohort of retirees aged 51 to 61 in 1992 over a ten-year time period in both a cross-sectional and longitudinal context. Bridge job determinants are examined using bivariate comparisons and a multinomial logistic regression model of the bridge job decision. Results: We find that one-half to two-thirds of the HRS respondents with full-time career jobs take on bridge jobs before exiting the labor force completely. We also find that bridge job behavior is most common among younger respondents, respondents without defined-benefit pension plans, and respondents at the lower- and upper-end of the wage distribution. Implications: The evidence suggests that changes in the retirement income landscape since the 1980s appear to be taking root. Going forward, traditional retirements will be the exception rather than the rule.},
	keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Methodology, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction},
	url = {http://www.bls.gov/ore/pdf/ec050100.pdf},
	author = {Kevin E. Cahill and Michael D. Giandrea and Joseph F. Quinn}
}
