@article {9497,
	title = {Positive age beliefs protect against dementia even among elders with high-risk gene},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e0191004},
	abstract = {One of the strongest risk factors for dementia is the ε4 variant of the APOE gene. Yet, many who carry it never develop dementia. The current study examined for the first time whether positive age beliefs that are acquired from the culture may reduce the risk of developing dementia among older individuals, including those who are APOE ε4 carriers. The cohort consisted of 4,765 Health and Retirement Study participants who were aged 60 or older and dementia-free at baseline. As predicted, in the total sample those with positive age beliefs at baseline were significantly less likely to develop dementia, after adjusting for relevant covariates. Among those with APOE ε4, those with positive age beliefs were 49.8\% less likely to develop dementia than those with negative age beliefs. The results of this study suggest that positive age beliefs, which are modifiable and have been found to reduce stress, can act as a protective factor, even for older individuals at high risk of dementia. This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. 

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},
	keywords = {APoE4, Dementia, Optimism, Positive beliefs, Risk Factors},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191004},
	author = {Becca R Levy and Martin D Slade and Robert H Pietrzak and Luigi Ferrucci},
	editor = {Stephen D. Ginsberg}
}
@article {9505,
	title = {Life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment by diabetes status among older Americans},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	volume = {12},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {e0190488},
	abstract = {Diabetes affects mortality and cognitive functioning. It is not known how diabetes influences life expectancy (LE) with and without cognitive impairment. We seek to examine age at onset of cognitive impairment and life expectancy (LE) with and without cognitive impairment by diabetes status among middle-and older-aged Americans. Data come from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study 2000 +/- 2012 linked to the National Death Index (N = 13,687). We use multinomial regression models stratified by gender and controlling for age, education and race/ethnicity to estimate diabetes-status specific transition probabilities, then use a Markov chain matrix population model to calculate age at onset of cognitive impairment and LE with and without cognitive impairment by diabetes status at age 50. LE at age 50 was 27.6 (men) and 32.1 (women). From age 50, those with diabetes had a first incidence of cognitive impairment 3 (men) and 4 (women) years earlier than those without. Diabetes reduced total LE by 5 +/- 7 years and cognitively healthy LE by 4 +/- 6 years. Those with diabetes lived one year less in a cognitively impaired state than those without. Over 80\% of the lower LE associated with diabetes is attributable to the loss of cognitively-healthy years. Those with diabetes have a shorter LE with cognitive impairment because of higher mortality. In analyses by educational attainment, education was strongly protective of cognitive health, yet diabetes was associated with lower age of cognitive impairment onset and fewer cognitive healthy years lived in all educational groups. The excess mortality because of diabetes may be decreasing. If the mortality decline is not coupled with a comparable decline in the risk of cognitive impairment, the population level burden of impaired cognition may grow larger.},
	keywords = {Cognitive Ability, Diabetes, Mortality, NDI},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0190488},
	author = {D{\'\i}az-Venegas, Carlos and Daniel C Schneider and Mikko Myrskyl{\"a} and Neil K Mehta},
	editor = {Stephen D. Ginsberg}
}
