@conference {10402,
	title = {The changing nature of work and public pension coverage: Evidence from the US and Europe},
	booktitle = {World Social Security Forum},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {International Social Security Association},
	organization = {International Social Security Association},
	address = {Brussels, Belgium},
	abstract = {We examine nonstandard work and its impact on pension coverage via a case study of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany.  We define nonstandard work broadly to include alternative work, contingent work, and self-employment.  We discuss how nonstandard work may affect public pension coverage, as both the pension rules and the level of actual and reported earnings of workers engaged in nonstandard work can differ from those of workers engaged in standard work.  Current nonstandard workers receive essentially symmetric treatment from the pension systems in both the U.S. and U.K., but this is not the case in Germany and is a recent development in the U.K.  We find that the share of workers engaged in nonstandard work has changed only modestly over time in these three countries, despite the popular perception that a more significant transformation in the nature of work may be underway.  We also find that workers who spent much of their career in self-employment (one type of nonstandard work) have higher levels of financial distress in retirement and rely more on financial assets outside the public pension system.
},
	keywords = {International, Pension Coverage, Pensions, Social Security},
	url = {https://ww1.issa.int/sites/default/files/documents/events/2-TCResearch-WSSF2019-report2\%20changing\%20nature\%20of\%20work-full-263559.pdf},
	author = {Axel Borsch-Supan and Courtney Coile and Jonathan Cribb and Carl Emmerson and Yuri Pettinicchi}
}
@article {9227,
	title = {How the growing gap in life expectancy may affect retirement benefits and reforms},
	journal = {The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-07-2017},
	pages = {475-499},
	keywords = {Life Expectancy, Mortality, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	issn = {1018-5895},
	doi = {10.1057/s41288-017-0057-0},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41288-017-0057-0http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/s41288-017-0057-0.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41288-017-0057-0/fulltext.htmlhttp://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/s41288-017-0057-0.pdf},
	author = {Auerbach, Alan and Kerwin K. Charles and Courtney Coile and William G. Gale and Dana P Goldman and Lee, Ronald and Lucas, Charles and Orszag, Peter R. and Sheiner, Louise and Tysinger, Bryan and Weil, David and Wolfers, Justin and Rebeca Wong}
}
@article {5899,
	title = {Social Security and Retirement Programs Around the World: The Capacity to Work at Older Ages - Introduction and Summary},
	year = {2016},
	institution = {Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research},
	abstract = {This is the introduction and summary to the seventh phase of an ongoing project on Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. The project compares the experiences of a dozen developed countries and uses differences in their retirement program provisions to explore the effect of SS on retirement and related questions. The first three phases of this project document that: 1) incentives for retirement from SS are strongly correlated with labor force participation rates across countries; 2) within countries, workers with stronger incentives to delay retirement are more likely to do so; and 3) changes to SS could have substantial effects on labor force participation and government finances. The fourth volume explores whether higher employment among older persons might increase youth unemployment and finds no link between the two. The fifth and sixth volumes focus on the disability insurance (DI) program, finding that changes in DI participation are more closely linked to DI reforms than to changes in health and that reducing access to DI would raise labor supply.  This seventh phase of the project explores whether older people are healthy enough to work longer. We use two main methods to estimate the health capacity to work, asking how much older individuals today could work if they worked as much as those with the same mortality rate in the past or as younger individuals in similar health. Both methods suggest there is significant additional health capacity to work at older ages.},
	keywords = {Disabilities, Employment and Labor Force, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w21939},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Kevin Milligan and David A Wise}
}
@article {NBERw20120,
	title = {Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World: Disability Insurance Programs and Retirement - Introduction and Summary},
	year = {2014},
	institution = {NBER},
	abstract = {This is the introduction and summary to the sixth phase of an ongoing project on Social Security Programs and Retirement Around the World. The first phase described the retirement incentives inherent in plan provisions and documented the strong relationship across countries between social security incentives to retire and the proportion of older persons out of the labor force. The second phase documented the large effects that changing plan provisions would have on the labor force participation of older workers. The third phase demonstrated the consequent fiscal implications that extending labor force participation would have on net program costs{\textendash}reducing government social security benefit payments and increasing government tax revenues. The fourth phase presented analyses of the relationship between the labor force participation of older persons and the labor force participation of younger persons in twelve countries. We found no evidence that increasing the employment of older persons will reduce the employment opportunities of youth and no evidence that increasing the employment of older persons will increase the unemployment of youth. The fifth phase on "Historical Trends in Mortality and Health, Employment, and Disability Insurance Participation and Reforms" was intended to set the stage for this current phase. This sixth phase of the ongoing ISS project is particularly related to the fifth phase (Wise, 2012) and the second phase (Gruber and Wise, 2004) of the project. This volume continues the focus of the previous volume on DI programs while extending the methodology to study retirement behavior used in the second phase to focus in particular on the effects of the DI programs. The key question this volume seeks to address is: given health status, to what extent are differences in labor force participation across countries determined by the provisions of disability insurance programs?},
	keywords = {Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w20120},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w20120},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Kevin Milligan and David A Wise}
}
@inbook {5236,
	title = {Fiscal Effects of Social Security Reform in the United States},
	booktitle = {Social Security Programs and Retirement around the World},
	series = {A National Bureau of Economic Research conference report},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {503-531},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	chapter = {12},
	address = {Chicago},
	keywords = {Other, Public Policy, Social Security},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Gruber, Jonathan},
	editor = {Gruber, Jonathan and David A Wise}
}
@article {7182,
	title = {Future Social Security Entitlements and the Retirement Decision},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	volume = {89},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {234-246},
	publisher = {89},
	abstract = {A critical question for Social Security policy is how program incentives affect retirement behavior. We use the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) to examine the impact of Social Security incentives on male retirement. We implement forward-looking models whereby individuals consider the incentives to work in all future years. We find that forwardlooking incentive measures for Social Security are significant determinants of retirement. We also find that private pension incentives have roughly similar effects. Our findings suggest that Social Security policies that increase the incentives to work at older ages can significantly reduce the labor force exit rate of older workers.},
	keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Methodology, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.89.2.234},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Gruber, Jonathan}
}
@article {5539,
	title = {Fiscal Effects of Social Security Reform in the United States},
	number = {2003-5},
	year = {2003},
	note = {RDA},
	institution = {Center for Retirement Research at Boston College },
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {Social Security is the largest social insurance program in the U.S., and has been shown to be a major determinant of the labor supply decisions of older workers. As such, reforming the Social Security system can have two fiscal impacts: a  mechanical  effect through changing the rules on benefits entitlements or taxation, and a  behavioral  effect through individual responses to these changes in benefits or taxes. We build a simulation model that computes these effects for major reforms to the system, building on estimated retirement responses to changing net Social Security entitlements. We then estimate the fiscal impact of reform for the 1931-1941 cohort of workers represented by the Health and Retirement Survey. We find that raising the early and normal retirement age by three years would reduce net costs for this cohort by roughly 30 , and that moving to a much higher benefit level would raise net costs by roughly 55 . Importantly, we find that in both cases the behavioral impacts on net costs are relatively small, at most one-third, and generally less than one-fifth of the total. The reason for these small effects is that the U.S. Social Security system is roughly actuarially fair, so that delaying or inducing retirement has relatively little impact on system balances; most of the effects that do arise are due to changes in general income and consumption taxes.},
	keywords = {Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {https://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/fiscal-effects-of-social-security-reform-in-the-united-states/},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Gruber, Jonathan}
}
@article {6826,
	title = {Delays in Claiming Social Security Benefits},
	journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
	volume = {84},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {357-385},
	publisher = {84},
	abstract = {This paper focuses on Social Security benefit claiming behavior, a take-up decision that has been ignored in the previous literature. Using financial calculations and simulations based on an expected utility maximization model, we show that delaying benefit claim for a period of time after retirement is optimal in a wide variety of cases and that gains from delay may be significant.  We find that approximately 10  of men retiring before their 62nd birthday delay claiming for at least one year after eligibility. We estimate hazard and probit models using data from the New Beneficiary Data System to test four cross-sectional predictions. While the data suggest that too few men delay, we find that the pattern of delays by early retirees is generally consistent with the hypotheses generated by our theoretical model.},
	keywords = {Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://econ-www.mit.edu/faculty/pdiamond/files/claim14.pdf},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Diamond, Peter and Gruber, Jonathan and Jousten, Alain}
}
@article {12178,
	title = {An evaluation of the retirement questions in the Health and Retirement Study},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {National Institute on Aging},
	address = {Bethesda, MD},
	keywords = {Health Insurance, Pensions, Retirement, Social Security},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Gruber, Jonathan}
}
@article {5426,
	title = {Social Security and Retirement},
	number = {7830},
	year = {2000},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	address = {Cambridge},
	abstract = {A critical question for Social Security policy is how program incentives affect retirement behavior. We use the wealth of new data available through the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) to examine the impact of Social Security incentives on male retirement. We implement forward-looking models of retirement whereby individuals consider not just the incentives to work in the next year but in all future years as well. We find that such forward looking incentive measures for Social Security are significant determinants of retirement decisions. Our findings suggest that Social Security policies which increase the incentives to work at older ages can significantly reduce the exit rate of older workers from the labor force.},
	keywords = {Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w7830},
	author = {Courtney Coile and Gruber, Jonathan}
}
