@article {maurer_mitchell_2020,
	title = {Older peoples{\textquoteright} willingness to delay social security claiming},
	journal = {Journal of Pension Economics and Finance},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {410 - 425},
	type = {Journal},
	abstract = {We have designed and implemented an experimental module in the 2014 Health and Retirement Study to measure older persons{\textquoteright} willingness to defer claiming of Social Security benefits. Under the current system{\textquoteright} status quo where delaying claiming boosts eventual benefits, we show that 46\% of the respondents would delay claiming and work longer. If respondents were instead offered an actuarially fair lump sum payment instead of higher lifelong benefits, about 56\% indicate they would delay claiming. Without a work requirement, the average amount needed to induce delayed claiming is only $60,400, while when part-time work is stipulated, the amount is slightly higher, $66,700. This small difference implies a low utility value of leisure foregone, of under 20\% of average household income.},
	keywords = {Annuity, Labor Supply, lump sum, Retirement Age, Social Security},
	doi = {10.1017/S1474747219000404},
	author = {Maurer, Raimond and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {11588,
	title = {What Explains Low Old-Age Income? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study},
	number = {28721},
	year = {2021},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	abstract = {We examine respondents in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to observe how their financial situations unfolded as they aged. We focus on low income older adults and follow them over time to identify the factors associated with having low income at baseline and thereafter. We find that (a) real income remained relatively stable as individuals approach and enter retirement, and progress through their retirement years, and (b) labor force participation declined and thus earnings became less important with age, while Social Security and retirement savings rose as a proportion of annual income.},
	keywords = {Income, retirement savings, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w28721},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Clark, Robert L. and Annamaria Lusardi}
}
@article {9204,
	title = {Incentivizing older people to delay social security claiming},
	number = {57},
	year = {2017},
	institution = {SAFE},
	address = {Frankfurt, Germany},
	abstract = {Given rising life expectations around the world, it seems that old-age pension benefits will need to be cut and pension contributions boosted in many nations. Yet our research on old-age system reforms does not require raising mandatory retirement ages or contributions. Instead, we offer ways to enhance incentives for people to work longer and delay retirement. There are good reasons to incentivize older people to work longer and delay retirement. These include rising longevity, the shrinking workforce, and emerging evidence indicating that working longer can be associated with better mental and physical health for many people. Nevertheless, old age Social Security systems in many nations find that people tend to claim benefits early, usually leading to reduced benefits.In the United States, for instance, a majority of Americans claim their Social Security benefits at the earlier feasible age, namely 62, even though their monthly benefits would be 75\% higher if they waited until age 70. To test whether this is the result of people underweighting the economic value of higher lifetime benefit streams, we examine whether people would claim later and work longer if they were rewarded with a lump sum instead of a higher lifetime benefit stream for deferring. Two arguments have been offered to explain early claiming. One is that workers claim early to avoid potentially {\textquotedblleft}forfeiting{\textquotedblright} their deferred benefits should they die too soon (Brown et al., 2016). A second explanation is that many people underweight the economic value of lifetime benefit streams (Brown et al., 2017). This latter rationale motivates the present study.},
	keywords = {Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/44313},
	author = {Maurer, Raimond and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {8561,
	title = {How Family Status and Social Security Claiming Options Shape Optimal Life Cycle Portfolios},
	journal = {Review of Financial Studies},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jul-04-2016},
	pages = {937 - 978},
	abstract = {We show how optimal household decisions regarding work, retirement, saving, portfolio allocations, and life insurance are shaped by the complex financial options embedded in U.S. Social Security rules and uncertain family transitions. Our life cycle model predicts sharp consumption drops on retirement, an age-62 peak in claiming rates, and earlier claiming by wives versus husbands and single women. Moreover, life insurance is mainly purchased on men{\textquoteright}s lives. Our model, which takes Social Security rules seriously, generates wealth and retirement outcomes that are more consistent with the data, in contrast to earlier and less realistic models},
	keywords = {Gender Differences, Older Adults, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	issn = {0893-9454},
	doi = {10.1093/rfs/hhv070},
	url = {http://rfs.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/rfs/hhv070},
	author = {Hubener, Andreas and Maurer, Raimond and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {8833,
	title = {Older Peoples{\textquoteright} Willingness to Delay Social Security Claiming},
	number = {Working Paper No. 22942},
	year = {2016},
	month = {12/2016},
	pages = {1-27},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	abstract = {We have designed and fielded an experimental module in the 2014 HRS which seeks to measure older persons{\textquoteright} willingness to voluntarily defer claiming of Social Security benefits. In addition, we evaluate the stated willingness of older individuals to work longer, depending on the Social Security incentives offered to delay claiming their benefits. Our project extends previous work by analyzing the results from our HRS module and comparing findings from other data sources which included very much smaller samples of older persons. We show that half of the respondents would delay claiming if no work requirement were in place under the status quo, and only slightly fewer, 46\%, with a work requirement. We also asked respondents how large a lump sum they would need with or without a work requirement. In the former case, the average amount needed to induce delayed claiming was about $60,400, while when part-time work was required, the average was $66,700. This implies a low utility value of leisure foregone of only $6,300, or under 20\% of average household income.},
	keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Health Shocks, Older Adults, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w22942},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w22942.pdf},
	author = {Maurer, Raimond and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {9745,
	title = {Public and Private Challenges of an Aging U.S. Population},
	journal = {Business Economics},
	volume = {51},
	year = {2016},
	month = {Jan-01-2016},
	pages = {8 - 10},
	abstract = {The challenges posed by the aging of the US population for business and public policy are vast. They are amplified particularly by:

* Slow increase of incomes - and therefore low private savings - for those at the bottom of the pay distribution.

* Cutbacks in employee health-care insurance and defined benefit pension plans.

* Unsustainability of Social Security and Medicare as currently configured.

This paper spells out these challenges and discusses how they can be addressed. Of particular importance are some combination of enhanced revenue and reduced expenditure for Social Security and Medicare, the shift of private pension plans from defined benefit to defined contribution, the need to consider later retirement ages, and the need for improved personal financial literacy.},
	keywords = {Income, Income inequality, Savings, Social Security, Spending, Taxes},
	issn = {0007-666X},
	doi = {10.1057/be.2016.6},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/be.2016.6},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {8556,
	title = {Hypothetical versus Actual Earnings Profiles: Implications for Social Security Reform},
	journal = {Journal of Financial Transformation},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {102-04},
	keywords = {Income, Older Adults, Social Security},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and John W R Phillips}
}
@article {8629,
	title = {Social Security Research at the Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {51-64},
	chapter = {51},
	abstract = {Social Security has been a topic of widespread discussion in the last decade. Rising longevity and falling fertility have led to an aging population, which increases solvency challenges for the Social Security system. Public concerns over low national saving have led to an extensive dialog on the merits of reform that might change the U.S. system into one with fully or partially funded personal accounts. Meanwhile, pensions in the private sector have been evolving from predominantly defined benefit (DB) to predominantly defined contribution (DC), raising concerns that workers preparing for retirement have more personal responsibility, with more complex financial challenges, than ever before.},
	keywords = {Meta-analyses, Older Adults, Research, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n4/v69n4p51.pdf},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Alan L Gustman and John Laitner and Olivia S. Mitchell and Amanda Sonnega}
}
@article {10725,
	title = {Social Security Research at the Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	type = {Journal},
	abstract = {Social Security has been a topic of widespread discussion in the last decade. Rising longevity and falling fertility have led to an aging population, which increases solvency challenges for the Social Security system. Public concerns over low national saving have led to an extensive dialog on the merits of reform that might change the U.S. system into one with fully or partially funded personal accounts. Meanwhile, pensions in the private sector have been evolving from predominantly defined benefit (DB) to predominantly defined contribution (DC), raising concerns that workers preparing for retirement have more personal responsibility, with more complex financial challenges, than ever before.},
	keywords = {Pension, Retirement, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n4/v69n4p51.html},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Alan L Gustman and John Laitner and Olivia S. Mitchell and Amanda Sonnega}
}
@article {5713,
	title = {Who Values the Social Security Annuity? New evidence on the annuity puzzle},
	number = {13800},
	year = {2008},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research },
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	abstract = {We examine individuals{\textquoteright} self-reported willingness to exchange part of their Social Security inflation-indexed annuity benefit for an immediate lump-sum payment, using an experimental module in the 2004 Health and Retirement Study. Our first finding is that nearly three out of five respondents favor the lump-sum payment if it were approximately actuarially fair, a finding that casts doubt on several leading explanations for why more people do not annuitize. Second, there is some modest price sensitivity and evidence consistent with adverse selection; in particular, people in better health and having more optimistic longevity expectations are more likely to choose the annuity. Third, after controlling on education, more financially literate individuals prefer the annuity. Fourth, people anticipating future Social Security benefit reductions are more likely to choose the lump-sum, suggesting that political risk matters. Other factors such as sex, marital status, income, wealth, or the presence of children are not associated with respondents{\textquoteright} relative preferences for the annuity versus the lump-sum.},
	keywords = {Methodology, Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w13800},
	author = {Brown, Jeffrey R. and Casey, Marcus D. and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {7103,
	title = {Social Security Replacement Rates for Alternative Earnings Benchmarks},
	journal = {Benefits Quarterly},
	volume = {22},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {37},
	publisher = {22},
	abstract = {Social Security reform proposals are often presented in terms of their differential impacts on hypothetical or  example  workers. This article explores how different benchmarks produce different replacement rate outcomes. The authors use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from the University of Michigan to evaluate how Social Security benefit replacement rates differ for actual versus hypothetical earner profiles, and examine whether these findings are sensitive to alternative definitions of replacement rates. They conclude that more precise analyses of possible distributional patterns from Social Security reform proposals would follow if benefit estimates were derived from actual earnings profiles, rather than hypothetical scaled patterns.},
	keywords = {Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and John W R Phillips}
}
@article {5651,
	title = {Social Security Replacement Rates for Alternative Earnings Benchmarks},
	number = {WP2006-06},
	year = {2006},
	institution = {The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania},
	address = {Philadelphia, PA},
	abstract = {Social Security reform proposals are often presented in terms of their differential impacts on hypothetical or  example  workers. Our work explores how different benchmarks produce different replacement rate outcomes. We use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to evaluate how Social Security benefit replacement rates differ for actual versus hypothetical earner profiles, and we examine whether these findings are sensitive to alternative definitions of replacement rates. We find that workers with the median HRS profile would be estimated to receive benefits worth 55  of lifetime average earnings, versus 48  for the SSA medium scaled profile. Since US policymakers tend to prefer a replacement rate measure tied to workers  own past earnings, using these metrics would yield higher replacement rates compared to commonly used scaled illustrative profiles. However, benchmarks that use population as opposed to individual earnings measures to compare individual worker benefits to pre-retirement consumption produce lower replacement rates for HRS versus hypothetical earners.},
	keywords = {Public Policy, Social Security},
	url = {https://pensionresearchcouncil.wharton.upenn.edu/publications/papers-2018/social-security-replacement-rates-for-alternative-earnings-benchmarks/},
	author = {John W R Phillips and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {5606,
	title = {Modeling Lifetime Earnings Paths: Hypothetical versus Actual Workers},
	year = {2004},
	institution = {University of Pennsylvania, Boettner Center for Pe, Pension Research Council WP 2004-3},
	abstract = {To assess the distributional effects of social security reform proposals, it is essential to have good information on real-world workers  lifetime earnings trajectories. Until recently, however, policymakers have relied on hypothetical earnings profiles for policy analysis. We use actual lifetime earnings data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to compare actual workers  covered earnings profiles to these hypothetical profiles. We show that the hypothetical profiles do not track earnings patterns of current retirees; thus lifetime pay levels are much higher than for most HRS workers. Therefore, using hypothetical profiles could misrepresent benefits paid and taxes collected under such reforms.},
	keywords = {Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Social Security},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and John W R Phillips and Au, Andrew}
}
@article {8631,
	title = {Perspectives from the President{\textquoteright}s Commission on Social Security Reform},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {149-172},
	chapter = {149},
	abstract = {Social Security faces a severe financial problem. In about 15 years, the program will begin to experience permanent annual cash deficits, when annual benefit payments will exceed the amount collected in payroll tax revenues. By 2041, according to the Social Security Trustees 2002 Report, the Social Security trust fund is projected to be insolvent, meaning that the program will be legally unable to pay scheduled benefits. One way of expressing the financial shortfall is to compute the present value of the difference between system outlays and revenues over a 75-year horizon, which is currently equal to a permanent and immediate tax rate increase of 1.86 percent of payroll, or equivalent to $3.2 trillion in present value. If the policy of pay-as-you-go financing is continued for the next 25 years, a 50 percent payroll tax increase will be required at that time to pay scheduled benefits.},
	keywords = {Older Adults, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security, Taxes},
	url = {https://web.stanford.edu/class/econ21si/coganmitchell_prescommission.pdf},
	author = {John F. Cogan and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {5547,
	title = {Retirement Wealth and Lifetime Earnings Variability},
	number = {WP2003-04},
	year = {2003},
	note = {RDA},
	institution = {University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School},
	address = {Philadelphia},
	abstract = {This paper explores understand how earnings variability influences peoples{\textquoteright} retirement preparedness by influencing their accumulated wealth levels as of retirement age. Prior research has demonstrated that the US average household nearing retirement would need to save substantially more in order to preserve consumption in old age. While some socioeconomic factors have been suggested that might explain shortfalls, previous studies have not assessed the role of earnings variability over the lifetime as a potential explanation for poor retirement prospects. Thus two workers having identical levels of average lifetime earnings might have had very different patterns of earnings variability over their lifetimes. Such differences could translate into quite different retirement wealth outcomes. We evaluate the effect of earnings variability on retirement wealth using information supplied by respondents to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). This is a rich and nationally representative dataset on Americans on the verge of retirement, with responses linked to administrative records from the Social Security Administration. Our research illuminates key links between lifetime earnings variability and retirement wealth.},
	keywords = {Net Worth and Assets, Social Security},
	url = {https://pensionresearchcouncil.wharton.upenn.edu/publications/papers-2018/retirement-wealth-and-lifetime-earnings-variability/},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and John W R Phillips and Au, Andrew and McCarthy, David}
}
@article {5446,
	title = {Eligibility for Social Security Disability Insurance},
	year = {2001},
	institution = {Philadephia, PA, University of Pennsylvania, The Wharton School},
	keywords = {Disabilities, Insurance, Social Security},
	url = {http://prc/wharton.upenn.edu/prc/prc.html},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and John W R Phillips}
}
@article {6682,
	title = {A Benefit of One{\textquoteright}s Own: Older Women{\textquoteright}s Entitlement to Social Security Retirement},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2000},
	note = {RDA 1996-006 ProCite field 3 : Wellesley College; U PA; US Social Security Administration},
	pages = {47-53},
	publisher = {63},
	abstract = {Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and linked administrative records, we explore differences in old-age benefits between men and women attributable to differences in length of work life and pay. We find that most women are fully insured for Social Security purposes, but those who are not would have to work substantially more to become eligible. Among those who are eligible, additional work would translate into only slightly higher benefits.},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Health Conditions and Status, Methodology, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security, Women and Minorities},
	url = {https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v63n3/v63n3p47.pdf},
	author = {Phillip B. Levine and Olivia S. Mitchell and John W R Phillips}
}
@inbook {5170,
	title = {Social Security Earnings and Projected Benefits},
	booktitle = {Forecasting Retirement Needs and Retirement Wealth},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {327-359},
	publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Press},
	organization = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Press},
	address = {Philadelphia},
	keywords = {Pensions, Social Security},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Olson, Jan and Thomas L. Steinmeier},
	editor = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Hammond, B. and Rappaport, A.}
}
@inbook {5123,
	title = {New Developments in the Economic Analysis of Retirement},
	booktitle = {Handbook of labor economics. Volume 3C},
	series = {Handbooks in Economics},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ProCite field[3]: Brown U; U PAProCite field[8]: eds.},
	pages = {3261-3307},
	publisher = {Elsevier Science, North-Holland},
	organization = {Elsevier Science, North-Holland},
	chapter = {49},
	address = {Amsterdam; New York and Oxford},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Employment and Labor Force, Pensions, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/course/lumsdaine-mitchell1999handbook.pdf},
	author = {Lumsdaine, Robin L. and Olivia S. Mitchell},
	editor = {Ashenfelter, Orley and Card, David}
}
@inbook {5152,
	title = {Pension and Social Security Wealth in the Health and Retirement Study},
	booktitle = {Wealth, Work and Health: Innovations in Measurement in the Social Sciences},
	year = {1999},
	note = {RDA 1996-005; Revision of Pension Research Council Working Paper PRC WP 97-3 ProCite field 8 : eds.},
	pages = {150-208},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	organization = {University of Michigan Press},
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	abstract = {This study attempts to understand the impact of pension and social security wealth on decisions made by people of retirement age.  Their in-depth analysis of the Health and Retirement Study gives many interesting findings.  Of those people participating in the Health and Retirement Study, more then half of the wealth is in the form of social security, pensions, and health insurance.  Various topics are explored in this paper.},
	keywords = {Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Social Security},
	author = {Alan L Gustman and Olivia S. Mitchell and Andrew A. Samwick and Thomas L. Steinmeier},
	editor = {James P Smith and Robert J. Willis}
}
@book {8562,
	title = {Prospects for Social Security Reform},
	series = {Pension Research Council Publications},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
	organization = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
	address = {Philadelphia},
	keywords = {Older Adults, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	isbn = {9780812234794},
	url = {https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/4266.html$\#$:~:text=Prospects\%20for\%20Social\%20Security\%20Reform\%20informs\%20the\%20debate\%20by\%20exploring,reform\%20might\%20affect\%20the\%20economy.},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Myers, Robert and Young, Howard}
}
@article {5369,
	title = {The Impact of Pay Inequality, Occupational Segregation, and Lifetime Work Experience on Retirement Income of Women and Minorities},
	year = {1998},
	note = {RDA},
	abstract = {In this study the researchers review data on earnings and search for differences between men and women, as well as, differences between whites and minorities.  Specifically, the researchers examine Social Security, employer-provided pensions, and financial assets, like homes.  Observations and analysis of the data show that occupational segregation along with pay differences explain the vast majority of the retirement income differences.  Most of the pay difference between men and women is in the form of pension size.  Many interesting findings are given with possible explanations and ways of fixing the discrepancies.  Cross-tabulations are done to show differences between the married and non-married, as well.},
	keywords = {Demographics, Housing, Income, Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Social Security, Women and Minorities},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Phillip B. Levine and John W R Phillips}
}
@inbook {5176,
	title = {Privatizing Social Security: First Round Effects of a Generic Voluntary Privatized U.S. Social Security System},
	booktitle = {Privatizing Social Security},
	year = {1998},
	note = {ProCite field 8 : ed.},
	pages = {313-57},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	keywords = {Methodology, Public Policy, Social Security},
	author = {Alan L Gustman and Olivia S. Mitchell and Thomas L. Steinmeier},
	editor = {Feldstein, M.S.}
}
@article {5332,
	title = {Pension and Social Security Wealth in the Health and Retirement Study},
	year = {1997},
	note = {ProCite field 8 : Dartmouth College and NBER},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	abstract = {Together, pensions, social security and health insurance account for half of the wealth held by all households in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), for 60 percent of total wealth of HRS households who are in the 45th to 55th wealth percentiles, and even for 48 percent of wealth for those in the 90th to 95th wealth percentiles. The HRS surveys households aged 51 to 61 in 1992, and obtains pension plan descriptions from respondents{\textquoteright} employers. Pension accrual profiles, income and wealth distributions by type, wealth-income ratios and accrued wealth by pension status are also explored.},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Income, Medicare/Medicaid/Health Insurance, Methodology, Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w5912},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w5912},
	author = {Alan L Gustman and Olivia S. Mitchell and Andrew A. Samwick and Thomas L. Steinmeier}
}
@article {5334,
	title = {Projected Retirement Wealth and Savings Adequacy in the Health and Retirement Study},
	year = {1997},
	note = {RDA ProCite field 8 : Wharton School; Wharton School and NBER},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	abstract = {Low saving rates raise questions about Americans{\textquoteright} ability to maintain consumption levels in old age. Using the Health and Retirement Study, this paper explores asset holdings among a nationally representative sample of people on the verge of retirement. The authors assess how much more people would need to save in order to preserve consumption levels after retirement. They find that the median older household has current wealth of approximately  325,000 including pensions, social security, housing, and other financial wealth, an amount projected to grow to about  380,000 by retirement at age 62. Nevertheless, their model suggests that this median household will still need to save 16  of annual earnings to preserve pre-retirement consumption. For retirement at age 65, assets are expected to be  420,000 and required additional saving totals 7  of earnings per year. These summary statistics conceal extraordinary heterogeneity in both assets and saving needs in the older population.},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Health Conditions and Status, Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w6240},
	url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w6240},
	author = {James Moore and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {5317,
	title = {Construction of the Earnings and Benefits File (EBF) for Use With the Health and Retirement Survey},
	year = {1996},
	note = {ProCite field 8 : U PA and NBER; Social Security Administration; TX Tech U},
	institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
	abstract = {Analysts using the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) often require information on earnings, labor market attachment, and social security benefits in order to better understand the factors affecting retirement and well-being at older ages. To this end, several derived variables were constructed and documented in the Earnings and Benefits File (EBF) described here. The EBF provides a set of summary earnings, employment, and social security wealth measures for a subset of HRS respondents in Wave 1 of the survey, for whom administration records are available. The EBF, a restricted data file, is available from the University of Michigan{\textquoteright}s Institute for Social Research for matching only with versions of the HRS containing geographic detail no finer than the Census Division level. Interested users should contact hrsquest umich.edu by email for further information on access to the data.},
	keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Income, Methodology, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3386/w5707},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Olson, Jan and Thomas L. Steinmeier}
}
@article {5351,
	title = {Construction of the Earnings and Benefits File (EBF) for Use with the Health and Retirement Study},
	year = {1996},
	institution = {University of Pennsylvania},
	abstract = {Analysts using the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS) often require information on earnings, labor market attachment, and social security benefits in order to better understand the factors affecting retirement and well-being at older ages. To this end, several derived variables were constructed and documented in the Earnings and Benefits File (EBF) described here. The EBF provides a set of summary earnings, employment, and social security wealth measures for a subset of HRS respondents in Wave 1 of the survey, for whom administrative records are available. The EBF, a restricted data file, is available from the University of Michigan{\textquoteright}s Institute for Social Research for matching only with versions of the HRS containing geographic detail no finer than the Census Division level. Interested users should contact hrsquest@umich.edu by email for further information on access to the data.},
	keywords = {Methodology, Social Security},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Olson, Jan and Thomas L. Steinmeier}
}
