@article {5900,
	title = {The Importance of State Anti-Discrimination Laws on Employer Accommodation and the Movement of their Employees onto Social Security Disability Insurance},
	number = {WP 2011-251},
	year = {2011},
	institution = {The University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	abstract = {The rate of application for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits, as well as the number of beneficiaries has been increasing for the past several decades, threatening the solvency of the SSDI program. One possible remedy is to promote continued employment amongst those experiencing the onset of a work limiting disability through the provision of workplace accommodations. Using the Health and Retirement Study data linked to Social Security administrative records and a state fixed effects model, we find that the provision of workplace accommodation reduces the probability of application for SSDI following disability onset. We estimate that receipt of an accommodation reduces a worker s probability of applying for SSDI by 30 percent over five years and 21 percent over 10 years. We then attempt to control for the potential endogeneity of accommodation receipt by exploiting exogenous variation in the implementation of state and federal anti-discrimination laws to estimate the impact of workplace accommodation on SSDI application in an instrumental variables (IV) model. While our coefficients continue to indicate that accommodation reduces SSDI application, we obtain implausibly large estimates of this effect. Overall our results imply that increasing accommodation is a plausible strategy for reducing SSDI applications and the number of beneficiaries.},
	keywords = {Disabilities, Employment and Labor Force, Public Policy, Social Security},
	url = {https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/the-importance-of-state-anti-discrimination-laws-on-employer-accommodation-and-the-movement-of-their-employees-onto-social-security-disability-insurance-2/},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Lauren Hersch Nicholas and Maximilian D. Schmeiser}
}
@article {7300,
	title = {Income Security for Workers},
	journal = {Journal of Disability Policy Studies},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {204-220},
	publisher = {19},
	abstract = {The current mix of public and private programs to support workers after they experience disability onset provides benefits to millions of workers and former workers. Yet, despite the large and growing costs of these programs, the inflation-adjusted household incomes of workers with disabilities have been falling for more than two decades, both absolutely and, especially, relative to the incomes of those without disabilities. The aging of the baby boom generation is likely to make matters worse, and the government{\textquoteright}s fiscal circumstance will make it increasingly difficult to sustain existing public programs. Current public policy initiatives might eventually improve the disability support system, but they are not likely to ward off the adverse consequences of the pending crisis. Policy changes that leverage existing private sector practices and capabilities might achieve greater success but have received little attention and are far from proven.},
	keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Insurance, Other, Social Security},
	doi = {10.1177/1044207308314949},
	author = {David Stapleton and R.V. Burkhauser and Peiyun She and Robert R. Weathers II and Livermore, Gina A.}
}
@article {10725,
	title = {Social Security Research at the Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	type = {Journal},
	abstract = {Social Security has been a topic of widespread discussion in the last decade. Rising longevity and falling fertility have led to an aging population, which increases solvency challenges for the Social Security system. Public concerns over low national saving have led to an extensive dialog on the merits of reform that might change the U.S. system into one with fully or partially funded personal accounts. Meanwhile, pensions in the private sector have been evolving from predominantly defined benefit (DB) to predominantly defined contribution (DC), raising concerns that workers preparing for retirement have more personal responsibility, with more complex financial challenges, than ever before.},
	keywords = {Pension, Retirement, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n4/v69n4p51.html},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Alan L Gustman and John Laitner and Olivia S. Mitchell and Amanda Sonnega}
}
@article {8629,
	title = {Social Security Research at the Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {69},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {51-64},
	chapter = {51},
	abstract = {Social Security has been a topic of widespread discussion in the last decade. Rising longevity and falling fertility have led to an aging population, which increases solvency challenges for the Social Security system. Public concerns over low national saving have led to an extensive dialog on the merits of reform that might change the U.S. system into one with fully or partially funded personal accounts. Meanwhile, pensions in the private sector have been evolving from predominantly defined benefit (DB) to predominantly defined contribution (DC), raising concerns that workers preparing for retirement have more personal responsibility, with more complex financial challenges, than ever before.},
	keywords = {Meta-analyses, Older Adults, Research, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n4/v69n4p51.pdf},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Alan L Gustman and John Laitner and Olivia S. Mitchell and Amanda Sonnega}
}
@article {6964,
	title = {Dynamic Modeling of the SSDI Application Timing Decision: The Importance of Policy Variables},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2004},
	note = {RDA 1996-002},
	pages = {671-685},
	publisher = {19},
	abstract = {This paper develops a dynamic programming model of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) application timing decision. We estimate the time to application from the point at which a health condition first begins to affect the kind or amount of work that a currently employed person can do. We use Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and restricted access Social Security earnings data for estimation. Our results show that the type of work-limiting health condition, presence of employer accommodation, and the relative value of income in the application state to income in the work state significantly affect the timing of SSDI application.},
	keywords = {Social Security},
	url = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=475041},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Butler, J.S. and Gumus, Gulcin}
}
@article {5528,
	title = {Option Value and Dynamic Programming Model Estimates of Social Security Disability Insurance Application Timing},
	year = {2003},
	note = {RDA 1996-002},
	institution = {Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)},
	address = {Bonn, Germany},
	abstract = {This paper develops dynamic structural models - an option value model and a dynamic programming model - of the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) application timing decision. We estimate the time to application from the point at which a health condition first begins to affect the kind or amount of work that a currently employed person can do. We use Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and restricted access Social Security earnings data for estimation. Based on tests of both in-sample and out-of-sample predictive accuracy, our option value model performs better than both our dynamic programming model and our reduced form hazard model.},
	keywords = {disability insurance, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/941/option-value-and-dynamic-programming-model-estimates-of-social-security-disability-insurance-application-timing},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Butler, J.S. and Gumus, Gulcin}
}
@article {6818,
	title = {How Policy Variables Influence the Timing of Social Security Disability Insurance Applications},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {64},
	year = {2002},
	note = {RDA},
	pages = {52-83},
	publisher = {64},
	abstract = {This article analyzes the impact of policy
variables{\textemdash}employer accommodations,
state Social Security Disability Insurance
(DI) allowance rates, and DI benefits{\textemdash}
on the timing of an application for DI
benefits by workers with a work-limiting
health condition starting when their
health condition first begins to bother
them. The analysis uses a rich mixture of
personal and employer characteristics
from the Health and Retirement Study
linked to Social Security administrative
records. },
	keywords = {Disabilities, Social Security},
	url = {https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v64n1/v64n1p52.pdf},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Butler, J.S. and Robert R. Weathers II}
}
@article {6544,
	title = {Who takes early Social Security benefits? The economic and health characteristics of early beneficiaries.},
	journal = {Gerontologist},
	volume = {36},
	year = {1996},
	note = {RDA},
	month = {1996 Dec},
	pages = {789-99},
	publisher = {36},
	abstract = {<p>Using the 1992 and 1994 Waves of the Health and Retirement Survey, we compare individuals who first take Social Security benefits at age 62 with those who don{\textquoteright}t and find that the income and net assets of these two groups are similar in the years just prior to eligibility. However, there is great diversity within the groups, so that poor health appears to be more closely related to lower economic well-being than is early Social Security acceptance status. Our results suggest that raising the Social Security retirement age is not likely to dramatically lower the economic well-being of the typical person aged 62 since only 3\% of men aged 62 are receiving Social Security retirement benefits, are in poor health, and have Social Security retirement benefits as their only source of pension income.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Eligibility Determination, Female, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Income, Male, Middle Aged, Pensions, Retirement, Social Security, United States},
	issn = {0016-9013},
	doi = {10.1093/geront/36.6.789},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Kenneth A. Couch and John W R Phillips}
}
