@article {knapp_lee_2021,
	title = {Introduction to special issue on institutional influences on retirement, health and well-being},
	journal = {Journal of Pension Economics and Finance},
	year = {Forthcoming},
	abstract = {Countries make differing policy choices. They can serve as a scientific laboratory for drawing lessons on the policy paths to follow or to avoid and the consequences of those institutional choices on individuals at older ages. In this special issue we bring together six articles that evaluate the influence of institutions on retirement decisions, health and well-being of older adults using common data that have emerged with the international network of health and retirement studies to study key life outcomes such as health, work, and lifecycle transitions at older ages.},
	keywords = {health, Retirement, Social Security, Well Being},
	doi = {10.1017/S1474747221000408},
	author = {Knapp, David and Lee, Jinkook}
}
@article {Ghilarduccijor.2022.1.104,
	title = {The Illusory Benefit of Working Longer on Retirement Financial Preparedness: Rethinking Advice That Working Longer Increases Retirement Income},
	journal = {The Journal of Retirement},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {This article demonstrates that although working longer can, in theory, substantially improve financial preparedness for retirement, it yields much smaller improvements in practice. Multivariate analysis using data from the Health and Retirement Study reveals that working longer improves financial preparedness only for workers who also delay claiming Social Security. But most older workers combine work with Social Security benefits, do not increase their financial wealth, and miss out on the delayed retirement credit. For many, early claiming is a rational choice because their low and often part-time earnings fall short of projected post-retirement income.},
	keywords = {financial preparedness, Older workers, Social Security, Working Longer},
	issn = {2326-6899},
	doi = {10.3905/jor.2022.1.104},
	author = {Ghilarducci, Teresa and Papadopoulos, Michael and Webb, Anthony}
}
@article {11373,
	title = {The Impact of Growing Health and Mortality Inequalities on Lifetime Social Security Payouts},
	number = {MRDRC WP 2020-412},
	year = {2020},
	institution = {Michigan Retirement and Disability Research Center, University of Michigan},
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	abstract = {The prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and other health problems has increased in recent
decades in the United States, and there is a growing gap between the health and longevity of
individuals with high socioeconomic status (SES) and low SES. These trends likely have
implications for Social Security{\textquoteright}s financial position in the coming decades. Because high-SES
individuals tend to receive higher annual benefits and live longer, increases in health and
mortality inequalities may result in increases in aggregate Social Security payouts. This paper
uses data from the Health and Retirement Study, and a microsimulation model of health,
mortality, and Social Security benefits, to forecast lifetime Social Security benefits of the 1934 to
1959 birth cohorts in the U.S. We compare alternative assumptions about the future course of
mortality. We find that accounting for health and mortality inequalities is important. In a baseline
model that ignores trends in mortality inequalities, we estimate that lifetime Social Security
benefits would grow by 26\% in real terms between the 1934 and 1959 birth cohorts due to
increasing benefit levels and improvements in average mortality. When we account for mortality
inequalities, we find an increase of 28\% to 38\% in average lifetime benefits, depending on the
assumptions of the model. We also forecast lifetime benefits using the alternative assumption
that improvements in population mortality will slow for younger birth cohorts.},
	keywords = {health, mortality inequalities, Social Security},
	url = {https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/pdf/wp412.pdf},
	author = {P{\'e}ter Hudomiet and Michael D Hurd and Susann Rohwedder}
}
@article {10973,
	title = {Intergenerational Altruism and Retirement Transfers: Evidence from the Social Security Notch},
	journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
	year = {2020},
	abstract = {I contribute new evidence on altruistic preferences in intergenerational transfers using variation in Social Security benefits induced by an inflation-indexing mistake. The instrument is most relevant for those with low education, so I focus on this group. I find support for pure altruism because individuals who received additional Social Security benefits passed on 15.4 percent to children via inter vivos transfers without receiving any additional care in return. On the contrary, children reduce caregiving monotonically with increases in parental Social Security benefits. Adult female children appear to be the most affected as they both receive monetary transfers and reduce caregiving.},
	keywords = {Altruism, Caregiving, Intergenerational transfers, Social Security},
	doi = {10.3368/jhr.58.1.0419-10140R3},
	author = {Mukherjee, Anita}
}
@article {9601,
	title = {In Debt and Approaching Retirement: Claim Social Security or Work Longer?},
	journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
	volume = {108},
	year = {2018},
	month = {05/2018},
	pages = {401-406},
	chapter = {401},
	abstract = {Over the past couple of decades, older Americans have become considerably more leveraged. This paper considers whether household debt affects the timing of retirement and Social Security benefit claiming. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, we find that older adults with debt are more likely to work and less likely to receive Social Security benefits than those who are debt-free. Indebted adults are also more likely to delay fully retiring from the labor force and claiming their benefits. Among the sources of debt, mortgages have a stronger impact on older adults{\textquoteright} behavior than do other sources of debt.

},
	keywords = {Debt, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	issn = {2574-0768},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pandp.20181116},
	author = {Barbara A Butrica and Nadia S. Karamcheva}
}
@article {9204,
	title = {Incentivizing older people to delay social security claiming},
	number = {57},
	year = {2017},
	institution = {SAFE},
	address = {Frankfurt, Germany},
	abstract = {Given rising life expectations around the world, it seems that old-age pension benefits will need to be cut and pension contributions boosted in many nations. Yet our research on old-age system reforms does not require raising mandatory retirement ages or contributions. Instead, we offer ways to enhance incentives for people to work longer and delay retirement. There are good reasons to incentivize older people to work longer and delay retirement. These include rising longevity, the shrinking workforce, and emerging evidence indicating that working longer can be associated with better mental and physical health for many people. Nevertheless, old age Social Security systems in many nations find that people tend to claim benefits early, usually leading to reduced benefits.In the United States, for instance, a majority of Americans claim their Social Security benefits at the earlier feasible age, namely 62, even though their monthly benefits would be 75\% higher if they waited until age 70. To test whether this is the result of people underweighting the economic value of higher lifetime benefit streams, we examine whether people would claim later and work longer if they were rewarded with a lump sum instead of a higher lifetime benefit stream for deferring. Two arguments have been offered to explain early claiming. One is that workers claim early to avoid potentially {\textquotedblleft}forfeiting{\textquotedblright} their deferred benefits should they die too soon (Brown et al., 2016). A second explanation is that many people underweight the economic value of lifetime benefit streams (Brown et al., 2017). This latter rationale motivates the present study.},
	keywords = {Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/44313},
	author = {Maurer, Raimond and Olivia S. Mitchell}
}
@article {NBERw21484,
	title = {The Impact of Social Security Income on Cognitive Function at Older Ages},
	journal = {American Journal of Health Economics},
	year = {2015},
	abstract = {Prior literature has documented a positive association between income and cognitive function at older ages, however, the extent to which this association represents causal effects is unknown. In this study, we use an exogenous change in Social Security income due to amendments to the Social Security Act in the 1970s to identify the causal impact of Social Security income on cognitive function of elderly individuals. We find that higher benefits led to significant improvements in cognitive function and that these improvements in cognition were clinically meaningful. Our results suggest that interventions even at advanced ages can slow the rate of decline in cognitive function.},
	keywords = {Cognition, cognitive function, Social Security, Social Security Benefits},
	doi = {10.3386/w21484},
	url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w21484},
	author = {Padmaja Ayyagari and Frisvold, David}
}
@article {8639,
	title = {The Impact of Temporary Assistance Programs on the Social Security Claiming Age},
	number = {CRR WP 2015-27},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1-331},
	institution = {Center for Retirement Research at Boston College},
	address = {Chestnut Hill, MA},
	abstract = {Delaying claiming past the early eligibility age of 62 has taken on increased importance.  Individuals turning 62 with no job and limited income may be able to use temporary assistance programs such as Unemployment Insurance (UI), Medicaid, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) as sources of support prior to collecting Social Security benefits.  To what extent do these programs allow recipients to delay Social Security claiming?  The challenge in answering this question stems from the fact that program users{\textquoteright} dire economic straits may make them more likely to claim benefits from both Social Security and these programs, generating a misleading correlation between Social Security claiming and temporary assistance benefits.  This paper constructs instruments for program generosity that vary with an individual{\textquoteright}s state of residence but should not reflect the characteristics or circumstances of the individual.},
	keywords = {Older Adults, Public Health, Public Policy, Social Security, Welfare},
	url = {http://crr.bc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/wp_2015-27.pdf},
	author = {Geoffrey T. Sanzenbacher and April Yanyuan Wu and Matthew S. Rutledge}
}
@article {8051,
	title = {Immigrants and retirement resources},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Export Date: 21 April 2014 Source: Scopus},
	pages = {27-45},
	publisher = {74},
	abstract = {The extensive literature documenting differences in wages between immigrant and native-born workers suggests that immigrants may enter retirement at a significant financial disadvantage relative to workers born in the United States. However, little work has examined differences in retirement resources and retirement security between immigrants and natives. In this article, we use data from the Health and Retirement Study linked with restricted data from the Social Security Administration to compare retirement resources of immigrants and natives. Our results suggest that while immigrants have lower levels of Social Security benefits than natives, when holding demographic characteristics constant, immigrants have higher levels of net worth. The estimated immigrant differentials vary a great deal by number of years in the United States, with the most recent immigrants being the least prepared for retirement.},
	keywords = {Demographics, Net Worth and Assets, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84896524474andpartnerID=40andmd5=976830d676d69e4ce7cb6b6bbe280982},
	author = {P. Sevak and Lucie Schmidt}
}
@mastersthesis {6238,
	title = {Improving retirement security in the United States},
	volume = {3642719},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Copyright - Copyright ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing 2014 Last updated - 2014-10-22 First page - n/a},
	month = {2014},
	pages = {351},
	school = {Northeastern University},
	type = {Ph.D.},
	address = {Boston},
	abstract = {The public media, surveys of workers and the general public have indicated increasing concern with retirement security in the face of lengthening life expectancies, the costs of retirement living, and anxieties over the reported insufficiency of retirement savings balances to fund a decent retirement. The major questions of this dissertation are, first, whether the major parts of the United States retirement income security system, namely Social Security and the private pension system, are currently providing sufficient retirement security for all retirees? And second, how could this national system be reformed, if necessary, to provide greater retirement income security? Because the problem of elderly security is an international one, the United States retirement income security system is compared to those of some of the other economically advanced countries of the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), and more particularly, France, Sweden and Japan. An assessment of the contrasting design elements and retirement income security outcomes is made. Recommendations for reform of the United States system are offered which are based on an appraisal of the peculiar strengths and weaknesses of the United States system as well as on any promising design elements of the other examined national systems that might be adaptable to the United States.},
	keywords = {Cross-National, Health Conditions and Status, Pensions, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1609374280?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQuest+Dissertations+\%26+Theses+A\%26I\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:},
	author = {Burns, Michael J.}
}
@article {8015,
	title = {Involuntary Retirement, U.S. Social Security Program Participation and the Great Recession},
	journal = {Public Finance and Management},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Date revised - 2015-03-01 Availability -  URL:http://www.spaef.com/pfm.php  Publisher{\textquoteright}s URL},
	pages = {329-356},
	publisher = {14},
	abstract = {Involuntary retirement covers economic and health related dislocations. Over 1992-2011, three-in-ten retirees in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) report an involuntary retirement. Roughly half of these involuntary retirements are health-related. Following the Great Recession, involuntary retirement in the U.S. grew much faster than voluntary retirement. I find that while the population receiving Social Security retirement benefits grew 6  slower than average, the population receiving no public retirement or disability benefits grew 79  faster than average and the population reporting health-related involuntary retirement grew 270  faster than average. While incomes are found to have fallen for all retiree groups, those reporting health-related involuntary retirements are found to have retirement income declines of 38  and the lowest pre-retirement incomes of any measured group. These findings suggest patterns of vulnerability that have important implications for proposals seeking to reform the U.S. Social Security Program.},
	keywords = {Disabilities, Employment and Labor Force, Health Conditions and Status, Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security, Women and Minorities},
	url = {http://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1667944354?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004andctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8andrfr_id=info:sid/ProQ 3Aeconlitshellandrft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journa},
	author = {Seligman, Jason S.}
}
@article {5933,
	title = {Improving the Social Security Statement},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Copyright - Copyright Social Science Research Network Jan 2012 Language of summary - English ProQuest ID - 919479167 Last updated - 2012-02-02 Place of publication - Rochester Corporate institution author - Biggs, Andrew G DOI - 2576680121; 67156722; 79688; 10.2139/ssrn.1991397; 1991397},
	institution = {Rochester, Social Security Administration},
	abstract = {The Social Security Statement is sent annually to each individual over age 25. The Statement contains information regarding the Social Security program, the individual{\textquoteright}s past covered earnings and contributions, and an estimate of the individual{\textquoteright}s future retirement benefits. Given the complexity of the Social Security benefit formula, the Statement represents the best and perhaps only estimate of the benefits to which an individual may be entitled. Knowledge of benefits is important, as individuals must plan their own retirement saving around their Social Security benefits. However, little research has been conducted regarding how effectively the Statement has improved Americans{\textquoteright} knowledge of benefit levels. We here use data from the Health and Retirement Study to gauge near-retirees{\textquoteright} ability to predict their Social Security retirement benefits both before and after the Statement began universal distribution to all near retirees in 1995. Results are ambiguous. The initial automatic distribution of the Statement did not appear to produce an immediate increase in knowledge of retirement benefit levels. However, continued receipt over a number of years prior to claiming may have reduced individual errors in predicting benefits. Financial literacy with regard to Social Security benefit levels may be improved through greater research into the contexts in which recipients understand and retain the benefit estimates contained in the Statement.},
	keywords = {Public Policy, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/919479167?accountid=14667http://ssrn.com/abstract=1991397},
	author = {Andrew G. Biggs}
}
@article {7754,
	title = {Income Replacement Ratios in the Health and Retirement Study},
	journal = {Social Security Bulletin},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1},
	publisher = {72},
	abstract = {This article describes the income replacement ratio as a measure of retirement income adequacy and identifies several issues analysts must consider when calculating a replacement ratio. The article presents the income replacement ratios experienced by participants in the original sample cohort of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), who were born between 1931 and 1941. Replacement ratios are shown by the respondent{\textquoteright}s birth cohort, age when first classified as retired in the HRS, and preretirement income quartile. Median replacement ratios fall as the retirement period grows longer.  PUBLICATION ABSTRACT},
	keywords = {Income, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	author = {Patrick, J. Purcell}
}
@article {5945,
	title = {The Interplay of Wealth, Retirement Decisions, Policy and Economic Shocks},
	year = {2012},
	institution = {Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan},
	abstract = {We develop a model of health investments and consumption over the life cycle where health affects longevity, provides flow utility, and retirement is endogenous. We develop a rich, numerical life-cycle model to study the complex interrelationship between health and wealth and the age of retirement. The decision to retire depends on a number of factors including earnings and health shocks, demographic characteristics, preferences, pensions, and social security. We incorporate these features in a computational model of optimal wealth and retirement decisions, solving the model household-by-household using data from the HRS. We use the model to study how workers would respond to an increase in the early eligibility age of retirement (EEA), and to what extent will the bad economy alter retirement plans. We find that increasing the EEA results in sizeable responses to the age of retirement but does not affect health outcomes very much. A 20 percent reduction in wealth induces households to delay retirement by one year, on average, with poor households being relatively unaffected.},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Demographics, Event History/Life Cycle, Health Conditions and Status, Healthcare, Net Worth and Assets, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, Social Security},
	url = {http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/publications_download.cfm?pid=860},
	author = {John Karl Scholz and Ananth Seshadri}
}
@article {5900,
	title = {The Importance of State Anti-Discrimination Laws on Employer Accommodation and the Movement of their Employees onto Social Security Disability Insurance},
	number = {WP 2011-251},
	year = {2011},
	institution = {The University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	abstract = {The rate of application for Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits, as well as the number of beneficiaries has been increasing for the past several decades, threatening the solvency of the SSDI program. One possible remedy is to promote continued employment amongst those experiencing the onset of a work limiting disability through the provision of workplace accommodations. Using the Health and Retirement Study data linked to Social Security administrative records and a state fixed effects model, we find that the provision of workplace accommodation reduces the probability of application for SSDI following disability onset. We estimate that receipt of an accommodation reduces a worker s probability of applying for SSDI by 30 percent over five years and 21 percent over 10 years. We then attempt to control for the potential endogeneity of accommodation receipt by exploiting exogenous variation in the implementation of state and federal anti-discrimination laws to estimate the impact of workplace accommodation on SSDI application in an instrumental variables (IV) model. While our coefficients continue to indicate that accommodation reduces SSDI application, we obtain implausibly large estimates of this effect. Overall our results imply that increasing accommodation is a plausible strategy for reducing SSDI applications and the number of beneficiaries.},
	keywords = {Disabilities, Employment and Labor Force, Public Policy, Social Security},
	url = {https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/the-importance-of-state-anti-discrimination-laws-on-employer-accommodation-and-the-movement-of-their-employees-onto-social-security-disability-insurance-2/},
	author = {R.V. Burkhauser and Lauren Hersch Nicholas and Maximilian D. Schmeiser}
}
@article {7300,
	title = {Income Security for Workers},
	journal = {Journal of Disability Policy Studies},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {204-220},
	publisher = {19},
	abstract = {The current mix of public and private programs to support workers after they experience disability onset provides benefits to millions of workers and former workers. Yet, despite the large and growing costs of these programs, the inflation-adjusted household incomes of workers with disabilities have been falling for more than two decades, both absolutely and, especially, relative to the incomes of those without disabilities. The aging of the baby boom generation is likely to make matters worse, and the government{\textquoteright}s fiscal circumstance will make it increasingly difficult to sustain existing public programs. Current public policy initiatives might eventually improve the disability support system, but they are not likely to ward off the adverse consequences of the pending crisis. Policy changes that leverage existing private sector practices and capabilities might achieve greater success but have received little attention and are far from proven.},
	keywords = {Employment and Labor Force, Insurance, Other, Social Security},
	doi = {10.1177/1044207308314949},
	author = {David Stapleton and R.V. Burkhauser and Peiyun She and Robert R. Weathers II and Livermore, Gina A.}
}
@article {5655,
	title = {The Impact of Misperceptions about Social Security on Saving and Well-Being},
	year = {2006},
	institution = {The University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center},
	abstract = {Earlier research suggests that many people in their fifties and early sixties are not well informed about their Social Security entitlements. This paper investigates the effect of deviations between predicted and realized Social Security benefits on several measures of well-being in retirement, such as the change in consumption expenditures at retirement, a self-assessed measure of how retirement years compare to the years before retirement, and whether the individual is worried about having enough income to get by in retirement. The analysis is based upon US data from the Health and Retirement Study, following individuals over a long time period from their fifties into retirement. We find clear evidence that people who over estimated their Social Security benefits are worse off according to several measures of well being in retirement. This relationship seems to be more pronounced for respondents who claimed benefits earlier than anticipated than for those who were simply misinformed.},
	keywords = {Net Worth and Assets, Social Security},
	url = {http://www.mrrc.isr.umich.edu},
	author = {Susann Rohwedder and Arthur H.O. vanSoest}
}
@article {7092,
	title = {Increased wealth and income as correlates of self-assessed retirement.},
	journal = {J Gerontol Soc Work},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {175-201},
	publisher = {47},
	abstract = {<p>This study examined whether retirement implies complete withdrawal from the labor force and the role that increased wealth and income play in regard to the nature of retirement. Data came from the Health \& Retirement Study, Waves 1-5. Findings indicated that most study sample pre-retirees remained in the labor force as they moved into what are considered the normal retirement years. As they moved on average from 50+ years of age to 60+ years of age, increasing percentages of study sample pre-retirees reported themselves as completely retired. Those who viewed themselves as completely retired were far less likely to work than those who did not view themselves as completely retired. Of particular importance was the finding that increased income in 2000 decreased the likelihood of self-reported complete retirement. Equally important was the finding that increased assets had no effect on retirement status with the exception of survey year 1998 when increased assets decreased the likelihood of viewing oneself as completely retired. Findings suggested that pro-work retirement policies aimed at increasing labor force participation among pre-retirees and increasing the normal retirement age can be effective. Five pro-work policies were discussed.</p>},
	keywords = {Aged, Data collection, Employment, Female, Financing, Personal, Humans, Income, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Organizational Policy, Pensions, Retirement, Self-Assessment, Social Security, Socioeconomic factors, United States},
	issn = {0163-4372},
	doi = {10.1300/J083v47n01_11},
	author = {Caputo, Richard K.}
}
@article {6997,
	title = {Imperfect Knowledge of Social Security and Pensions},
	journal = {Industrial Relations},
	volume = {44},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {373-397},
	publisher = {44},
	abstract = {Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, this paper creates variables measuring knowledge about future social security and pension benefits by comparing respondent reports of their expected benefits with benefits calculated from social security earnings records and employer provided descriptions of pension plans. The knowledge measures suggest that misinformation, imprecision and lack of information about retirement benefits is the norm. Those who are most dependent on social security are the least well informed about their social security benefits, while those who are most dependent on pensions are best informed about their pension benefits. Women and minorities are less well informed about both types of retirement benefits. Having documented the extent of misinformation, we turn to questions about the production of information, and the consequences of misinformation for real outcomes. Relating measures of information to planning activities, we find that those who plan are somewhat better informed than those who do not, but with the exception of having requested a social security earnings record, the effects of planning activities on knowledge are modest. In descriptive and reduced form equations for planned and actual retirement and saving, there is at best a modest relation of knowledge measures to planned and actual retirement and to nonpension, nonsocial security wealth as a share of lifetime earnings. Individuals who overestimate their benefits are likely to retire sooner than they planned, but the measured effects are relatively modest. Coefficients of measures of the increase in reward from postponed retirement are barely affected by the addition of measures of respondent knowledge of their retirement benefits to standard reduced form retirement and wealth equations.},
	keywords = {Education, Pensions, Social Security},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0019-8676.2005.00389.x},
	author = {Alan L Gustman and Thomas L. Steinmeier}
}
@article {5575,
	title = {Impact of the Social Security Retirement Earnings Test on 62-64 Year-olds},
	number = {$\#$2003-15},
	year = {2003},
	note = {RDA 1998-006},
	institution = {The Urban Institute},
	address = {Washington, D.C.},
	keywords = {Social Security},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2206445},
	author = {Ratcliffe, Caroline and Berk, Jillian and Perese, Kevin and Toder, Eric}
}
@article {5369,
	title = {The Impact of Pay Inequality, Occupational Segregation, and Lifetime Work Experience on Retirement Income of Women and Minorities},
	year = {1998},
	note = {RDA},
	abstract = {In this study the researchers review data on earnings and search for differences between men and women, as well as, differences between whites and minorities.  Specifically, the researchers examine Social Security, employer-provided pensions, and financial assets, like homes.  Observations and analysis of the data show that occupational segregation along with pay differences explain the vast majority of the retirement income differences.  Most of the pay difference between men and women is in the form of pension size.  Many interesting findings are given with possible explanations and ways of fixing the discrepancies.  Cross-tabulations are done to show differences between the married and non-married, as well.},
	keywords = {Demographics, Housing, Income, Net Worth and Assets, Pensions, Social Security, Women and Minorities},
	author = {Olivia S. Mitchell and Phillip B. Levine and John W R Phillips}
}
