@article {12509, title = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease genetic burden is associated with mid-life depression among persons with normal cognition.}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association}, year = {Forthcoming}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: Despite an established link between depression and higher Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) risk, it is unclear whether the conditions share pathophysiology. Here, we investigated whether depression manifesting after age 50 is associated with a genetic predisposition to AD.

METHODS: From the population-based Health and Retirement Study cohort with biennial assessments of depressive symptoms and cognitive performance, we studied 6656 individuals of European ancestry with whole-genome genotyping. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for AD were estimated and examined for an association with depression in cognitively normal participants using regression modeling.

RESULTS: Among cognitively normal participants, those with a higher AD PRS were more likely to experience depression after age 50 after accounting for the effects of genetic predisposition to depression, sex, age, and education.

DISCUSSION: Genetic predisposition to AD may be one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of mid-life depression. Whether there is a shared genetic basis between mid-life depression and AD merits further study.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, mid-life depression, Polygenic risk score}, issn = {1552-5279}, doi = {10.1002/alz.12716}, author = {Wingo, Thomas S and Gerasimov, Ekaterina S and Canon, Se Min and Lah, James J and Levey, Allan I and Wingo, Aliza P} } @article {11154, title = {Using Medicare claims in identifying Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias.}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia}, year = {Forthcoming}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: This study develops a measure of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias (ADRD) using Medicare claims.

METHODS: Validation resembles the approach of the American Psychological Association, including (1) content validity, (2) construct validity, and (3) predictive validity.

RESULTS: We found that four items-a Medicare claim recording ADRD 1 year ago, 2 years ago, 3 years ago, and a total stay of 6 months in a nursing home-exhibit a pattern of association consistent with a single underlying ADRD construct, and presence of any two of these four items predict a direct measure of cognitive function and also future claims for ADRD.

DISCUSSION: Our four items are internally consistent with the measurement of a single quantity. The presence of any two items do a better job than a single claim when predicting both a direct measure of cognitive function and future ADRD claims.

}, keywords = {administrative data, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, cognitive impairment, Dementia, Medicare}, issn = {1552-5279}, doi = {10.1002/alz.12199}, author = {Jain, Siddharth and Rosenbaum, Paul R and Reiter, Joseph G and Geoffrey J Hoffman and Small, Dylan S and Ha, Jinkyung and Hill, Alexander S and Wolk, David A and Timothy G. Gaulton and Mark D Neuman and Roderic G Eckenhoff and Fleisher, Lee A and Jeffrey H Silber} } @article {12606, title = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease medication use and adherence patterns by race and ethnicity.}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: We examined racial and ethnic differences in medication use for a representative US population of patients with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias (ADRD).

METHODS: We examined cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine initiation, non-adherence, and discontinuation by race and ethnicity, using data from the 2000-2016 Health and Retirement Study linked with Medicare and Medicaid claims.

RESULTS: Among newly diagnosed ADRD patients (n~=~1299), 26\% filled an ADRD prescription <=90 days and 36\% <=365 days after diagnosis. Among individuals initiating ADRD-targeted treatment (n~=~1343), 44\% were non-adherent and 24\% discontinued the medication during the year after treatment initiation. Non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely than Whites to not adhere to ADRD medication therapy (odds ratio: 1.50 [95\% confidence interval: 1.07-2.09]).

DISCUSSION: Initiation of ADRD-targeted medications did not vary by ethnoracial group, but non-Hispanic Blacks had lower adherence than Whites. ADRD medication non-adherence and discontinuation were substantial and may relate to cost and access to care.

HIGHLIGHTS: Initiation of anti-dementia medications among newly diagnosed Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias (ADRD) patients was low in all ethnoracial groups. ADRD medication non-adherence and discontinuation were substantial and may relate to cost and access to care. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics had lower use, poorer treatment adherence, and more frequent discontinuation of ADRD medication, but when controlling for disease severity and socioeconomic factors, racial disparities diminish. Our findings demonstrate the importance of adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics and disease severity when studying medication use and adherence in ADRD patients.

}, keywords = {acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, anti-dementia medication, Cognitive health, Dementia, Health Disparities, Medicaid, Medicare}, issn = {1552-5279}, doi = {10.1002/alz.12753}, author = {Olchanski, Natalia and Daly, Allan T and Zhu, Yingying and Breslau, Rachel and Cohen, Joshua T and Neumann, Peter J and Jessica Faul and Fillit, Howard M and Freund, Karen M and Lin, Pei-Jung} } @article {13422, title = {Association between perceived risk of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias and cognitive function among U.S. older adults.}, journal = {Arch Gerontol Geriatr}, volume = {115}, year = {2023}, pages = {105126}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess factors associated with the perceived risk of developing Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and how the perceived risk of ADRD was related to cognitive function.

METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using 5 waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (2012-2022) that included adults aged 65 years or older with no previous diagnosis of ADRD at baseline. Cognitive function was measured at baseline and over time using a summary score that included immediate/delayed word recall, serial 7{\textquoteright}s test, objective naming test, backwards counting, recall of the current date, and naming the president/vice-president (range~=~0-35). Perceived risk of developing ADRD was categorized at baseline as "definitely not" (0\% probability), "unlikely" (1-49\%), "uncertain" (50\%), and "more than likely" (>50-100\%). Additional baseline measures included participants{\textquoteright} sociodemographic background, psychosocial resources, health behaviors, physiological status, and healthcare utilization.

RESULTS: Of 1457 respondents (median age 74 [IQR~=~69-80] and 59.8\% women), individuals who perceived that they were "more than likely" to develop ADRD had more depressive symptoms and were more likely to be hospitalized in the past two years than individuals who indicated that it was "unlikely" they would develop ADRD. Alternatively, respondnets who perceived that they would "definitely not" develop ADRD were more likely to be non-Hispanic Black, less educated, and have lower income than individuals who indicated it was "unlikely" they would develop ADRD. Respondents who reported their risks of developing ADRD as "more than likely" (β~=~-2.10, P~<~0.001) and "definitely not" (β~=~-1.50, P~<~0.001) had the lowest levels of cognitive function; and the associations were explained in part by their socioeconomic, psychosocial, and health status.

CONCLUSIONS: Perceived risk of developing ADRD is associated with cognitive function. The (dis)concordance between individuals{\textquoteright} perceived risk of ADRD and their cognitive function has important implications for increasing public awareness and developing interventions to prevent ADRD.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, cognitive function, Dementia, Older Adults, United States}, issn = {1872-6976}, doi = {10.1016/j.archger.2023.105126}, author = {Wang, Nan and Xu, Hanzhang and West, Jessica S and {\O}stbye, Truls and Wu, Bei and Xian, Ying and Dupre, Matthew E} } @article {13356, title = {An Early and Unequal Decline: Life Course Trajectories of Cognitive Aging in the United States.}, journal = {J Aging Health}, year = {2023}, pages = {8982643231184593}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive aging is a lifelong process with implications for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and dementia. This study aims to fill major gaps in research on the natural history of and social disparities in aging-related cognitive decline over the life span.

METHODS: We conducted integrative data analysis of four large U.S. population-based longitudinal studies of individuals aged 12 to 105 followed over two decades and modeled age trajectories of cognitive function in multiple domains.

RESULTS: We found evidence for the onset of cognitive decline in the 4 decade of life, varying gender differences with age, and persistent disadvantage among non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and those without college education. We further found improvement in cognitive function across 20 century birth cohorts but widening social inequalities in more recent cohorts.

DISCUSSION: These findings advance an understanding of early life origins of dementia risk and invite future research on strategies for promoting cognitive health for all Americans.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, cognitive aging, Dementia, social disparities}, issn = {1552-6887}, doi = {10.1177/08982643231184593}, author = {Yang, Yang C and Walsh, Christine E and Shartle, Kaitlin and Stebbins, Rebecca C and Aiello, Allison E and Belsky, Daniel W and Harris, Kathleen Mullan and Chanti-Ketterl, Marianne and Plassman, Brenda L} } @article {13533, title = {Memory and language cognitive data harmonization across the United States and Mexico.}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, pages = {e12478}, abstract = {

INTRODUCTION: We used cultural neuropsychology-informed procedures to derive and validate harmonized scores representing memory and language across population-based studies in the United States and Mexico.

METHODS: Data were from the Health and Retirement Study Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HRS-HCAP) and the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) Ancillary Study on Cognitive Aging (Mex-Cog). We statistically co-calibrated memory and language domains and performed differential item functioning (DIF) analysis using a cultural neuropsychological approach. We examined relationships among harmonized scores, age, and education.

RESULTS: We included 3170 participants from the HRS-HCAP (age~=~76.6 [standard deviation (SD): 7.5], 60\% female) and 2042 participants from the Mex-Cog (age~=~68.1 [SD: 9.0], 59\% female). Five of seven memory items and one of twelve language items demonstrated DIF by study. Harmonized memory and language scores showed expected associations with age and education.

DISCUSSION: A cultural neuropsychological approach to harmonization facilitates the generation of harmonized measures of memory and language function in cross-national studies.

HIGHLIGHTS: We harmonized memory and language scores across studies in the United States and Mexico.A cultural neuropsychological approach to data harmonization was used.Harmonized scores showed minimal measurement differences between cohorts.Future work can use these harmonized scores for cross-national studies of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, cognitive aging, cross-cultural, cultural neuropsychology, harmonization}, issn = {2352-8729}, doi = {10.1002/dad2.12478}, author = {Arce Renter{\'\i}a, Miguel and Brice{\~n}o, Emily M and Chen, Diefei and Saenz, Joseph and Lindsay C Kobayashi and Gonzalez, Christopher and Vonk, Jet M J and Richard N Jones and Jennifer J Manly and Wong, Rebeca and David R Weir and Kenneth M. Langa and Gross, Alden L} } @article {13078, title = {Risk Factors Associated with Falls in Older Adults with Dementia and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Diseases among Older Adults in the United States.}, journal = {medRxiv}, year = {2023}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the risk of fall, fall injury, and fall numbers among older adults with dementia and Alzheimer diseases. Additionally, this study explored the relationship of falls by medication use of neurodegenerative diseases.

METHODS: The survey data from the years 2020 of Health and Retirement Study Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (HRS CAMS) was used. The HRS CAMS includes information of demographic characteristics, fall information, and medical background including dementia and Alzheimer diseases, and medication record. A regression model was used to test whether neurodegenerative diseases and medications was associated with fall risk factors.

RESULTS: The sample (n = 8782) was predominately female (54.7\%) and white (60.7\%) with a mean age of 70.4 years. When controlled for covariates, the findings show 10 percent higher risk of fall for elderly people with dementia and Alzheimer. People with dementia were 9\% more likely to have higher risk of injury by fall and those with dementia and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s had more than 7 times of higher chance of a higher number of falls. Using Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s prescription was associated with lower 90\% lower risk of fall than controls.

CONCLUSIONS: Dementia and Alzheimer diseases are significant risk factor for falls in older adults. This study suggests that older adults with neurodegenerative diseases have higher risk, and needs more regular medical checkups to decrease the risk of fall.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Falls. dementia, Older Adults, Risk Factors}, doi = {10.1101/2023.01.10.23284411}, author = {Baniasadi, Tayebeh} } @article {13139, title = {Sense of Purpose in Life and Beliefs and Knowledge of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease.}, journal = {Arch Clin Neuropsychol}, year = {2023}, month = {2023 Feb 04}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: A sense of purpose in life is associated with healthier cognitive outcomes, including lower risk of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (ad). The present research examines whether purpose is also associated with beliefs and knowledge of ad.

METHOD: A random subsample (N = 1,187) of community-dwelling participants from the Health and Retirement Study completed a module on self-reported beliefs and knowledge of ad.

RESULTS: Purpose in life was associated with lower perceived threat of ad and greater belief that modifiable factors (e.g., physical activity) decrease risk. Associations were not moderated by experience with ad or depressive symptoms. Purpose was unrelated to beliefs that genetics or stress increase risk or knowledge of ad.

CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with a sense of purpose are less concerned about risk of developing ad and believe modifiable factors reduce risk. These beliefs may support engagement in behaviors that reduce risk and be one psychological pathway through which purpose protects against ad.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, beliefs, Knowledge}, issn = {1873-5843}, doi = {10.1093/arclin/acad014}, author = {Sutin, Angelina R and Stephan, Yannick and Luchetti, Martina and Aschwanden, Damaris and Sesker, Amanda A and Zhu, Xianghe and Terracciano, Antonio} } @article {12114, title = {Experts estimate future spending by Medicare for aducanumab treatment}, journal = {News \& Events}, year = {2022}, publisher = {National Institute on Aging}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive health, Dementias, Economics, Health Care Research}, url = {https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/experts-estimate-future-spending-medicare-aducanumab-treatment}, author = {National Institute on Aging} } @article {12505, title = {Fixed Vial Sizes For Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Drug Could Waste $605M In Medicare Spending Each Year}, year = {2022}, publisher = {ScienceBlog}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, drugs, Medicare, Spending}, url = {https://scienceblog.com/531622/fixed-vial-sizes-for-alzheimers-drug-could-waste-605m-in-medicare-spending-each-year/}, author = {University of California, Los Angeles} } @article {11647, title = {Association Between Immune Response to Cytomegalovirus and Cognition in the Health and Retirement Study.}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, volume = {190}, year = {2021}, pages = {786-797}, abstract = {

Chronic infections and the subsequent immune response have recently been shown to be risk factors for cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD). While some studies have shown an association between cytomegalovirus (CMV), a chronic and highly prevalent infection, and cognition and/or ADRD, these studies have been limited by nonrepresentative and small samples. Using 2016 data on 5,617 adults aged 65 years or more from the Health and Retirement Study, we investigated the cross-sectional associations of both CMV serostatus and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response with cognitive function using linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. We further investigated potential effect-measure modification by educational attainment. Overall, both CMV seropositivity and higher IgG antibody response were associated with lower cognitive function, though the relationship was not statistically significant in adjusted models. Among participants with less than a high school diploma, CMV seropositivity and being in the first tertile of IgG response, relative to seronegative persons, were associated with lower scores on the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (-0.56 points (95\% confidence interval: -1.63, 0.52) and~-0.89 points (95\% confidence interval: -2.07, 0.29), respectively), and the relationship was attenuated among those with higher education. Our results suggest that CMV may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment, particularly among persons with fewer educational resources.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive decline, Cytomegalovirus, Dementia, Educational attainment, immune function}, issn = {1476-6256}, doi = {10.1093/aje/kwaa238}, author = {Rebecca C Stebbins and Grace A Noppert and Yang Claire Yang and Jennifer B Dowd and Simanek, Amanda and Allison E Aiello} } @article {11979, title = {Diagnosis of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s and Related Dementias Reduces Social Activity}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Newswise}, abstract = {Despite the belief that early diagnosis of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and other dementias is crucial, a new Rutgers study found that the diagnosis may unintentionally impact social relationships and activity.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Social activity}, url = {https://www.newswise.com/articles/diagnosis-of-alzheimer-s-and-related-dementias-reduces-social-activity}, author = {Rutgers University-New Brunswick} } @article {11983, title = {Family Care Availability And Implications For Informal And Formal Care Used By Adults With Dementia In The US}, journal = {News \& Events}, year = {2021}, publisher = {National Institute on Aging}, abstract = {As dementia worsens, people may gradually lose the ability to prepare meals, bathe, get dressed, and otherwise care for themselves. The likelihood that people living with dementia rely on unpaid care rather than paid care depends on whether a spouse or adult children are available to be primary caregivers, according to an NIA-supported study at the University of Michigan. Conversely, people without family members available to care for them are more likely to require paid help from a long-term care facility. As reported recently in Health Affairs, national estimates suggest that available family members and other unpaid caregivers are an important consideration for how people with dementia can remain outside of a nursing home environment when they need help with everyday activities.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Behavioral \& Social Research, Caregiving, Chronic conditions, Dementias, Demography, Disability}, url = {https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/family-member-availability-predicts-likelihood-unpaid-care-people-living-dementia}, author = {National Institute on Aging} } @article {11988, title = {Family member availability predicts likelihood of unpaid care for people living with dementia}, journal = {Featured Research}, year = {2021}, publisher = {National Institute on Aging}, abstract = {As dementia worsens, people may gradually lose the ability to prepare meals, bathe, get dressed, and otherwise care for themselves. The likelihood that people living with dementia rely on unpaid care rather than paid care depends on whether a spouse or adult children are available to be primary caregivers, according to an NIA-supported study at the University of Michigan. Conversely, people without family members available to care for them are more likely to require paid help from a long-term care facility. As reported recently in Health Affairs, national estimates suggest that available family members and other unpaid caregivers are an important consideration for how people with dementia can remain outside of a nursing home environment when they need help with everyday activities.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Caregiving, Chronic conditions, Dementias, Demography, Disability}, url = {https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/family-member-availability-predicts-likelihood-unpaid-care-people-living-dementia}, author = {National Institute on Aging} } @article {11592, title = {She Bought a Truck on eBay, Then Forgot It. A Dementia Diagnosis Came Later.}, journal = {The New York Times}, year = {2021}, publisher = {New York Times}, address = {New York, New York}, abstract = {Impulsive purchases, out-of-control spending: These behaviors can be early signs of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease or other cognitive decline.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition, Dementia}, url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/29/business/alzheimers-dementia-personal-finance.html}, author = {Andrews, Michelle} } @article {RR-A708-1, title = {Societal Impact of Research Funding for Women{\textquoteright}s Health in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease - Related Dementias}, number = {RR-A708-1}, year = {2021}, institution = {RAND Corporation}, address = {Santa Monica, CA}, abstract = {Women{\textquoteright}s health has suffered from insufficient research addressing women. The research community has not widely embraced the value of this research, and the impact of limited knowledge about women{\textquoteright}s health relative to men{\textquoteright}s is far-reaching. Without information on the potential return on investment for women{\textquoteright}s health research, research funders, policymakers, and business leaders lack a basis for altering research investments to improve knowledge of women{\textquoteright}s health. As part of an initiative of the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Access Matters (WHAM) nonprofit foundation, RAND Corporation researchers examined the impact of increasing funding for women{\textquoteright}s health, beginning with a focus on Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease{\textendash}related dementias (AD/ADRD), which result in substantial illness burden, health care costs, caregiving burden, and mortality. In this report, the authors present the results of microsimulation models used to explore the potential for enhanced investment in women{\textquoteright}s health research, in terms of the economic well-being of women and for the U.S. population.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, health, women}, doi = {10.7249/RR-A708-1}, author = {Baird, Matthew D. and Melanie A. Zaber and Andrew W. Dick and Chloe E. Bird and Annie Chen and Molly Waymouth and Grace Gahlon and Denise D. Quigley and Hamad Al Ibrahim and Lori Frank} } @article {10529, title = {The contribution of dementia to the disparity in family wealth between black and non-black Americans}, journal = {Ageing and Society}, volume = {40}, year = {2020}, pages = {306-327}, abstract = {{The enormous economic burden of dementia in the United States of America falls disproportionately on families coping with this devastating disease. Black Americans, who are at greater risk of developing dementia than white Americans, hold on average less than one-eighth of the wealth of white Americans. This study explores whether dementia exacerbates this wealth disparity by examining dementia{\textquoteright}s effect on wealth trajectories of black versus non-black Americans over an eight-year period preceding death, using five waves of data (beginning in 2002 or 2004) on decedents in the 2012 and 2014 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2,429). Dementia is associated with a loss of 97 per cent of wealth among black Americans, compared with 42 per cent among non-black Americans, while wealth loss among black and non-black Americans without dementia did not differ substantially (15\% versus 19\%). Dementia appears to increase the probability of wealth exhaustion among both black and non-black Americans, although the estimate is no longer significant after adjusting for all covariates (for blacks, odds ratio (OR) = 2.04, 95\% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83, 5.00; for non-blacks}, keywords = {African Americans, Age, Aging, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Alzheimers disease, Blacks, Costs, Dementia, dementia cost, Equity, Families \& family life, Gerontology And Geriatrics, Health and Retirement Study, Income inequality, Long term health care, Ownership, Racial differences, Racial Disparities, Retirement, Senility, Studies, United States{\textendash}US, Wealth, wealth disparities}, isbn = {0144686X}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X18000934}, author = {Jennifer Kaufman and William T Gallo and Fahs,Marianne C.} } @mastersthesis {11171, title = {Evaluating Longitudinal Outcomes of Cognition by Environment, Genes, and Sleep in Aging Individuals}, volume = {Doctor of Philosophy}, year = {2020}, school = {The University of Chicago}, address = {Chicago}, abstract = {Dementia and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s dementia (AD), which increase in prevalence with age, greatly impact the health and quality of life of older adults, as well as their families and support systems. At a population level, as the {\textquotedblleft}Baby Boomer{\textquotedblright} generation enters older age, both the number and the proportion of older adults will continue to grow and along with it, the number of people with dementia and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Some estimates project that by 2050, the prevalence of AD could grow three fold from levels in 2000 to as much as 13 million affected individuals1,2 Identification of both preventable risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and for early indicators of decline is critical in intervention planning and in preparing healthcare and care infrastructures. Both level of cognition and rate of cognitive decline in mid and late life are predictive of the development of dementia. Prior research has identified behavioral, environmental, and genetic, namely the APOE e4 allele, risk factors for cognitive function and decline and described pathophysiologic processes. Early indicators and many risk factors for cognitive decline are measured and represent temporally concurrent circumstances, but researchers have advocated for a life-course approach to studying cognitive aging3,4 In this dissertation we used data from three cohorts to look at predictors of cognitive level, rate of decline, and of neuropathology associated with cognitive decline. Specifically, we aimed to 1) evaluate the association of actigraph and self-reported sleep with cognitive function and 5-year cognitive decline, 2) evaluate whether the genetic penetrance of the APOE e4 risk allele varies by early life environment operationalized as birth-year cohort in one study and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in another. }, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia}, url = {https://knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/2627?ln=en}, author = {McSorley, Veronica Eloesa} } @article {https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12008, title = {Genetic and regulatory architecture of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease in the APOE region}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \& Disease Monitoring}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, pages = {e12008}, abstract = {Abstract Introduction Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε2 and ε4 alleles encoded by rs7412 and rs429358 polymorphisms, respectively, are landmark contra and pro {\textquotedblleft}risk{\textquotedblright} factors for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD). Methods We examined differences in linkage disequilibrium (LD) structures between (1) AD-affected and unaffected subjects and (2) older AD-unaffected and younger subjects in the 19q13.3 region harboring rs7412 and rs429358. Results AD is associated with sex-nonspecific heterogeneous patterns of decreased and increased LD of rs7412 and rs429358, respectively, with other polymorphisms from five genes in this region in AD-affected subjects. The LD patterns in older AD-unaffected subjects resembled those in younger individuals. Polarization of the ε4- and ε2 allele{\textendash}related heterogeneous LD clusters differentiated cell types and implicated specific tissues in AD pathogenesis. Discussion Protection and predisposition to AD is characterized by an interplay of rs7412 and rs429358, with multiple polymorphisms in the 19q13.3 region in a tissue-specific manner, which is not driven by common evolutionary forces.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Apolipoprotein E, Linkage Disequilibrium}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.12008}, url = {https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/dad2.12008}, author = {Alexander M Kulminski and Shu, Leonardo and Loika, Yury and He, Liang and Nazarian, Alireza and Konstantin G Arbeev and Svetlana Ukraintseva and Anatoliy Yashin and Culminskaya, Irina} } @article {9581, title = {Investigating predictors of cognitive decline using machine learning.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, year = {2020}, abstract = {

Objectives: Genetic risks for cognitive decline are not modifiable; however their relative importance compared to modifiable factors is unclear. We used machine learning to evaluate modifiable and genetic risk factors for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease(AD), to predict cognitive decline.

Methods: Health and Retirement Study participants, aged 65-90, with DNA and >2 cognitive evaluations, were included (n=7,142). Predictors included age, body mass index, gender, education, APOE ε4, CVD, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, neighborhood socio-economic status(NSES), and AD risk genes. Latent class trajectory analyses of cognitive scores determined the form and number of classes. Random Forests (RF) classification investigated predictors of cognitive trajectories. Performance metrics (accuracy, sensitivity and specificity) were reported.

Results: Three classes were identified. Discriminating highest from lowest classes produced the best RF performance: accuracy=78\%(1.0\%), sensitivity=75\%(1.0\%) and specificity=81\%(1.0\%). Top ranked predictors were education, age, gender, stroke, NSES, and diabetes, APOE ε4 carrier status and BMI. When discriminating high from medium classes, top predictors were education, age, gender, stroke, diabetes, NSES and BMI. When discriminating medium from the low classes, education, NSES, age, diabetes and stroke were top predictors.

Discussion: The combination of latent trajectories and RF classification techniques suggested that non-genetic factors contribute more to cognitive decline than genetic factors. Education was the most relevant predictor for discrimination.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Machine learning}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gby054}, author = {Casanova, Ramon and Saldana, Santiago and Michael W Lutz and Brenda L Plassman and Kuchibhatla, Maragatha and Kathleen M Hayden} } @mastersthesis {10561, title = {Analysis of Dementia Risks among African Immigrants Compared with Caucasian Americans in Retirement}, volume = {D.P.H.}, year = {2019}, note = {Copyright - Database copyright ProQuest LLC; ProQuest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works; Last updated - 2020-01-13}, pages = {119}, school = {Capella University}, type = {phd}, abstract = {This dissertation investigated the differential risk factors for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and dementias among foreign-born African immigrants and native-born Americans in retirement. As immigrants integrate and assimilate, other behavioral processes such as adoption of host nation lifestyle practices endanger immigrant health status that adversely impact cognitive functioning at old age. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and dementia diagnoses among the study subjects. The results showed that acculturation between 10{\textendash}15 years in the United States puts foreign-born African immigrants at 1.71 OR unadjusted:1.71; 98\% CI (1.16, 2.51); p = 0.0012] times higher risk of being diagnosed with dementia or Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease compared with Caucasian Whites. Similarly, African race OR adjusted=1.39; 98\% CI (0.97, 2); p = 0.0361] indicated the lack of sufficient and statistically significant evidence that being Black race plays a statistically significant role in the risk of being diagnosed with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease or dementias in retirement compared with Caucasian Whites. Higher educational attainment OR adjusted=0.45; 98\% CI (0.29, 0.68); p < 0.0001] was statistically significant protective factor against the risk of being diagnosed as demented or Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease among African immigrants compared with Caucasian Whites. Also, when educational attainments were equivalent among African immigrants and native Caucasians, the risk was substantially higher OR adjusted=1.11; 98\% CI (0.71, 2.91); p = 0.073] but not statistically significant among African immigrants compared with Caucasian Whites. In conclusion, as foreign-born African immigrants adopt host nation health behaviors and dietary practices, live in the United States for at least 10 years, and had fewer than 13 years of educational attainment were at increased risks of being diagnosed with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias.}, keywords = {0308:Biostatistics, 0347:Mental health, 0631:Ethnic studies, 0766:Epidemiology, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Biostatistics, Demography, Epidemiologic transition, Epidemiology, Ethnic studies, Foreign-born African immigrant, Health and Retirement Study, Mental Health}, isbn = {9781392544235}, url = {https://search.proquest.com/docview/2336369737?pq-origsite=gscholar}, author = {Bibio, Desmond K.} } @article {10095, title = {Can the Mediterranean Diet delay or prevent dementia?}, journal = {Next Avenue}, volume = {2019}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Next Avenue}, address = {Twin Cities}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Eating habits, News}, url = {https://www.nextavenue.org/can-the-mediterranean-diet-delay-or-prevent-dementia/}, editor = {Claire T McEvoy} } @article {9726, title = {Do older adults with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease engage in estate planning and advance care planning preparation?}, journal = {Aging \& Mental Health}, volume = {23}, year = {2019}, pages = {872-879 }, abstract = {Objectives: This study investigated the estate planning and advance care planning (ACP) of older adults diagnosed with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) for the presence of (1) a valid will, (2) a durable power of attorney for health care, and (3) a living will. Method: We analyzed 10,273 adults aged 65 and older from the 2012 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) using multilevel logistic regression. Results: We found that a diagnosis of AD was significantly associated with the ACP variables. Older adults with AD were more likely to assign a durable power of attorney for health care and have a written living will than older adults without an AD diagnosis. However, we found no significant association between a diagnosis of AD and having a valid will. These findings were robust when adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic variables. Other factors decreased engagement in estate planning and ACP, including lower socioeconomic status, being male, and being a minority. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a diagnosis of AD is associated with more engagement in ACP for individuals and their families, but important barriers exist for people with fewer resources.}, keywords = {Advance directives, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Estate tax}, issn = {1360-7863}, doi = {10.1080/13607863.2018.1461192}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13607863.2018.1461192https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13607863.2018.1461192}, author = {Shinae L Choi and Kim, Minjung and Ian M McDonough} } @article {10040, title = {Education and cognitive decline: An integrative analysis of global longitudinal studies of cognitive aging.}, journal = {Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences \& Social Sciences}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine the association between education and incidence of accelerated cognitive decline.

METHODS: Secondary analyses of data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative prospective cohort study of U.S. residents were conducted (N=28,417). Cox proportional hazards survival models were layered on longitudinal mixed-effects modeling to jointly examine healthy cognitive aging and incidence of accelerated cognitive decline consistent with patterns seen in preclinical Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Replication analyses were completed on a database including 62,485 additional respondents from HRS sister-studies. Life-expectancy ratios (LER) and 95\% confidence intervals were reported.

RESULTS: This study replicated research showing that education was positively associated with cognition at baseline. Model fit improved using the survival method compared to random-slopes models alone. Analyses of HRS data revealed that higher education was associated with delayed onset of accelerated cognitive decline (LER=1.031 95\% C.I. = [1.013-1.015], P<1E-06). Replication analyses using data from 14 countries identified similar results.

CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with cognitive reserve theory, suggesting that education reduces risk of ADRD-pattern cognitive decline. Follow-up work should seek to differentiate specific dementia types involved and consider potential mechanisms.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition \& Reasoning, Cross-National, Education}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbz053}, author = {Sean A. P. Clouston and Dylan M Smith and Mukherjee, Soumyadeep and Yun Zhang and Hou, Wei and Bruce G Link and Richards, Marcus} } @article {10124, title = {Handgrip strength is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in aging Americans.}, journal = {Journal of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Measures of handgrip strength may show promise for detecting cognitive erosion during aging.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the associations between lower handgrip strength and poorer cognitive functioning for aging Americans.

METHODS: There were 13,828 participants aged at least 50 years from the 2006 wave of the Health and Retirement Study included and followed biennially for 8 years. Handgrip strength was assessed with a hand-held dynamometer and cognitive functioning was assessed with a modified version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Participants aged <65 years with scores 7- 11 had a mild cognitive impairment, <=6 had a severe cognitive impairment, and <=11 had any cognitive impairment. Respondents aged >=65 years with scores 8- 10 had a mild cognitive impairment, <=7 had a severe cognitive impairment, and <=10 had any cognitive impairment Separate covariate-adjusted multilevel logistic models examined the associations between lower handgrip strength and any or severe cognitive impairment. A multilevel ordered logit model analyzed the association between lower handgrip strength and poorer cognitive functioning.

RESULTS: Every 5-kg lower handgrip strength was associated with 1.10 (95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.15) and 1.18 (CI: 1.04, 1.32) greater odds for any and severe cognitive impairment, respectively. Similarly, every 5-kg lower handgrip strength was associated with 1.10 (CI: 1.05, 1.14) greater odds for poorer cognitive functioning.

CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of handgrip strength is a simple, risk-stratifying method for helping healthcare providers determine poorer cognitive functioning. Interventions aiming to prevent or delay cognitive dysfunction should also implement measures of handgrip strength as an assessment tool for determining efficacy.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Dementia, Physical measures}, issn = {1875-8908}, doi = {10.3233/JAD-190042}, author = {Ryan P McGrath and Sheria G Robinson-Lane and Cook, Summer and Brian C Clark and Stephen D. Herrmann and Melissa L O{\textquoteright}Connor and Kyle J Hackney} } @article {MCGRATH2019, title = {The Longitudinal Associations of Handgrip Strength and Cognitive Function in Aging Americans}, journal = {Journal of the American Medical Directors Association}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Objectives Factors that are responsible for age-related neurologic deterioration of noncognitive and cognitive processes may have a shared cause. We sought to examine the temporal, directional associations of handgrip strength and cognitive function in a national sample of aging Americans. Design Longitudinal panel. Setting Enhanced interviews that included physical, biological, and psychosocial measures were completed in person. Core interviews were often conducted over the telephone. Participants The analytic sample included 14,775 Americans aged at least 50 years who participated in at least 2 waves of the 2006-2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Measures Handgrip strength was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. Participants were considered cognitively intact, mildly impaired, or severely impaired according to the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status questionnaire. Separate lagged general estimating equations analyzed the directional associations of handgrip strength and cognitive function. Results The overall time to follow-up was 2.1 {\textpm} 0.4 years. Every 5 kg higher handgrip strength was associated with 0.97 [95\% confidence interval (CI) 0.93, 0.99] lower odds for both future cognitive impairment and worse cognitive impairment. Those who were not weak had 0.54 (CI 0.43, 0.69) lower odds for future cognitive impairment and 0.57 (CI 0.46, 0.72) lower odds for future worse cognitive impairment. Conversely, any (β = -1.09; CI {\textendash}1.54, -0.64), mild (β = -0.85; CI {\textendash}1.34, -0.36), and severe cognitive impairment (β = -2.34; CI {\textendash}3.25, -1.42) predicted decreased handgrip strength. Further, the presence of any, mild, and severe cognitive impairment was associated with 1.82 (CI 1.48, 2.24), 1.65 (CI 1.31, 2.08), and 2.53 (CI 1.74, 3.67) greater odds for future weakness, respectively. Conclusions/Implications Strength capacity and cognitive function may parallel each other, whereby losses of functioning in 1 factor may forecast losses of functioning in the other. Handgrip strength could be used for assessing cognitive status in aging Americans and strength capacity should be monitored in those with cognitive impairment.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Geriatrics, Muscle Strength, Muscle Weakness, sarcopenia}, issn = {1525-8610}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.08.032}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861019306498}, author = {Ryan P McGrath and Brenda Vincent and Kyle J Hackney and Sheria G Robinson-Lane and Brian Downer and Brian C Clark} } @article {10118, title = {People Who Survive Cancer May Be Less Likely to Develop Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s}, journal = {Healthline}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Healthline}, address = {San Francisco, CA}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cancer}, url = {https://www.healthline.com/health-news/people-whove-had-cancer-may-be-less-likely-to-develop-alzheimers}, author = {Citroner, George} } @article {10120, title = {Rate of memory change before and after cancer diagnosis.}, journal = {JAMA Network Open}, volume = {2}, year = {2019}, pages = {e196160}, abstract = {

Importance: Patients with a history of cancer, even nonfatal cancers, have lower subsequent Alzheimer disease incidence. An inverse biological link between carcinogenesis and neurodegeneration has been hypothesized, although survival and detection biases are possible explanations.

Objective: To compare long-term memory trajectories before and after incident cancer with memory trajectories of similarly aged individuals not diagnosed with cancer.

Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study included 14 583 US adults born before 1949 with no cancer history from the Health and Retirement Study. Biennial assessments were performed for up to 16 years from 1998 to 2014. Data analysis was performed from January 8 to October 5, 2018.

Exposures: Self-reported physician diagnosis of any cancer (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) during follow-up.

Main Outcomes and Measures: A composite memory score standardized to a mean (SD) of 0 (1) at baseline was based on immediate and delayed word-list recall and proxy assessments. The rate of memory change among people diagnosed with cancer during follow-up before and after diagnosis was compared with rate of memory change in individuals who remained cancer free during follow-up using linear mixed-effect models with random intercepts and slopes.

Results: A total of 14 583 participants were included in the sample (mean [SD] age, 66.4 [10.4] years; 8453 [58.0\%] female). The mean (SD) follow-up was 11.5 (5.1) years; 2250 had a cancer diagnosis during follow-up, and 12 333 had no cancer diagnosis during follow-up. The rate of memory decline in the decade before a cancer diagnosis was 10.5\% (95\% CI, 6.2\%-14.9\%), which was slower than memory decline in similarly aged cancer-free individuals. For individuals diagnosed at 75 years of age, mean memory function immediately before diagnosis was 0.096 SD units (95\% CI, 0.060-0.133 SD units) higher compared with that among similarly aged cancer-free individuals. A new cancer diagnosis was associated with a short-term decline in memory of -0.058 (95\% CI, -0.084 to -0.032) SD units compared with memory before diagnosis. After diagnosis, the rate of memory decline was 3.9\% (95\% CI, 0.9\%-6.9\%) slower in individuals with cancer than in those without a cancer diagnosis.

Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, older individuals who developed cancer had better memory and slower memory decline than did similarly aged individuals who remained cancer free. These findings support the possibility of a common pathologic process working in opposite directions in cancer and Alzheimer disease.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cancer, Cognitive Ability, Memory}, issn = {2574-3805}, doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.6160}, author = {Ospina-Romero, Monica and Abdiwahab, Ekland and Lindsay C Kobayashi and Teresa Filshtein and Willa D Brenowitz and Elizabeth R Mayeda and M. Maria Glymour} } @article {10012, title = {Understanding the correlation between Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease polygenic risk, wealth, and the composition of wealth holdings}, number = {25526}, year = {2019}, institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, address = {Washington, DC}, abstract = {We investigate how the genetic risk of developing Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease (AD) relates to saving behavior. Using nationally representative data from the 1992-2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we find that genetic predisposition for AD correlates with, but is not causally related to older individuals{\textquoteright} wealth holdings. People with higher Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease polygenic risk score (PGS) hold roughly 9 percent more wealth in CDs (hands-off assets) and around 11 percent, 15 percent, and 7 percent less wealth in stocks, IRAs, and other financial assets (hands-on assets) respectively. We explore three hypotheses that could explain these correlations. We hypothesize that people with high risk of AD choose different portfolios because: (i) they know their polygenic risk of developing Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease and related dementia, (ii) they have lower cognitive capacity, and (iii) the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) process that generated the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease PGS failed to fully account for the aging process. Our extended model results do not support the first two hypotheses. Consistent with the third hypothesis, the interaction between age and the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease PGS explains the correlation between genetic traits and asset holdings.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, PGS, Wealth}, url = {https://www.nber.org/papers/w25526.pdf}, author = {Su Hyun Shin and Dean R Lillard and Bhattacharya, Jay} } @article {10082, title = {Verbal fluency and risk of dementia.}, journal = {International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry}, volume = {34}, year = {2019}, pages = {863-867}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Verbal fluency is a common neuropsychological test that is impaired in dementia. We test whether verbal fluency is a prospective risk factor for incident dementia, cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND), and conversion from CIND to dementia.

METHODS: Participants (N~=~18~189) from the Health and Retirement Study were administered a standard test of verbal fluency and were assessed for cognitive status every 2~years between baseline and 6~years{\textquoteright} follow-up.

RESULTS: Every standard deviation increase in verbal fluency was associated with an approximately 60\% reduced risk of incident dementia, an approximately 25\% reduced risk of incident CIND, and an approximately 25\% reduced risk of conversion from CIND to dementia. These associations were independent of age, gender, education, race, ethnicity, and APOE risk status. The associations were slightly weaker (but still significant) for African Americans and individuals with lower education. There was no interaction between verbal fluency and APOE risk status.

CONCLUSION: Verbal fluency is an easily administered task that is predictive of incident cognitive impairment.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition \& Reasoning}, issn = {1099-1166}, doi = {10.1002/gps.5081}, author = {Angelina R Sutin and Yannick Stephan and Antonio Terracciano} } @article {9945, title = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease risk factors as mediators of subjective memory impairment and objective memory decline: protocol for a construct-level replication analysis.}, journal = {BMC Geriatrics}, volume = {18}, year = {2018}, pages = {260}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Subjective memory impairment (SMI), or the perception of memory problems in the absence of objective memory deficits, is associated with negative outcomes of individual and societal significance, including a substantially increased risk of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD). However, little is known regarding the mediators that link SMI and memory decline in some individuals, or which older adults with SMI are at greatest risk for memory decline. In this study, we will examine modifiable AD risk factors (specifically affective symptoms and activity participation) as mediators underlying linkages among SMI and memory decline over time; furthermore, we will characterize SMI subgroups at highest risk for memory decline via this pathway.

METHODS: This study utilizes a series of construct-level replication analyses across four large longitudinal datasets to maximize the unique aspects of each dataset as well as test the reproducibility of findings across multiple populations to establish generalizability. The current study{\textquoteright}s sample (n > 40,000) is drawn from the Einstein Aging Study, Health and Retirement Study, Minority Aging Research Study, and National Health and Aging Trends Study. Participants must meet the following basic criteria for inclusion: age 55 or older and no evidence of cognitive impairment at baseline. We will use multilevel modeling to determine whether higher levels of SMI are related to increased affective symptoms and decreased activity participation, as well as whether this relationship is moderated by neuroticism, family history of AD, and race/ethnicity. Finally, we will test our full conceptual model that examines whether changes in affective symptoms and activity participation mediate the relationship between SMI and objective memory decline. Specifically, we will test moderated mediation as we hypothesize these relationships to hold among subgroups of older adults.

DISCUSSION: Discovery of modifiable AD risk factors that mediate the association between SMI and memory decline (the earliest and most central deficit in AD) will provide explicit, and potentially novel, targets for intervention. Additionally, identifying individuals at highest risk for negative reactions to SMI will serve to enrich samples for future research as well as to help guide the development of SMI assessment tools to identify older adults at greatest risk for debilitating outcomes.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition \& Reasoning, Memory, Self-reported health}, issn = {1471-2318}, doi = {10.1186/s12877-018-0954-5}, author = {Nikki L Hill and Mogle, Jacqueline} } @inbook {9830, title = {Cognitive Functioning of U.S. Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin}, booktitle = {Contextualizing Health and Aging in the Americas}, year = {2018}, pages = {85 - 107}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {The U.S. older adult population is becoming increasingly diverse. The evidence from research using data from diverse older adult populations indicates that Hispanics have poorer performance on cognitive tests than older non-Hispanic whites (NHW). However, the evidence that older Hispanics are at an increased risk for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease or related dementia (ADRD) than NHW is less clear. Interpreting the evidence from existing research on disparities between NHWs and Hispanics is complicated by the fact that few studies have differentiated between Hispanic subgroups by country of origin. In this chapter, we use the ethnic descriptor of Hispanic as interchangeable with Latino. We summarize the current evidence on disparities between Hispanics and NHW in cognitive functioning and ADRD, and factors that may contribute to these disparities. This summary focuses on the rationale for considering specific Hispanic populations when studying differences in cognitive functioning between Hispanics and NHWs. Finally, we present and discuss the findings from an analysis of data from the 2010 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (n = 18,982) in which we examine differences in three cognitive domains by race/ethnicity, including four Hispanic subgroups. In this analysis, all Hispanic subgroups, except Cubans, had significantly lower scores for all cognitive domains compared to NHWs, with Puerto Ricans showing the lowest scores among Hispanics.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Hispanics, Racial/ethnic differences}, isbn = {978-3-030-00583-2}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-00584-910.1007/978-3-030-00584-9_5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00584-9_5}, author = {D{\'\i}az-Venegas, Carlos and Brian Downer and Kenneth M. Langa and Rebeca Wong}, editor = {William A. Vega and Jacqueline L. Angel and Guti{\'e}rrez Robledo, Luis Miguel F. and Kyriakos S Markides} } @article {9628, title = {A Common DIO2 Polymorphism and Alzheimer Disease Dementia in African and European Americans}, journal = {Journal of Endocrinology \& Metabolism}, volume = {103}, year = {2018}, month = {05/2018}, pages = {118-1826}, chapter = {1818}, abstract = {Context A common single nucleotide polymorphism in DIO2, Thr92AlaD2, has been associated with a transcriptome typically found in neurodegenerative diseases in postmortem human brain tissue. Objective To determine whether Thr92AlaD2 is associated with incident Alzheimer disease (AD). Design Population-based study; human brain tissue microarray. Setting Community-based cohorts from Chicago and northeastern Illinois and religious clergymen from across the United States constituted the primary population. A representative sample of the U.S. population was used for secondary analyses. Participants 3054 African Americans (AAs) and 9304 European Americans (EAs). Main Outcome Measure Incident AD. Results In the primary population, AAs with Thr92AlaD2 had 1.3 times [95\% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 to 1.68; P = 0.048] greater odds of developing AD. AAs from a second population with Thr92AlaD2 showed a trend toward increased odds of dementia (odds ratio, 1.33; 95\% CI, 0.99 to 1.78; P = 0.06) and 1.35 times greater odds of developing cognitive impairment not demented (CIND; 95\% CI, 1.09 to 1.67; P = 0.006). Meta-analysis showed that AAs with Thr92AlaD2 had 1.3 times increased odds of developing AD/dementia (95\% CI, 1.07 to 1.58; P = 0.008). In EAs, no association was found between Thr92AlaD2 and AD, dementia, or CIND. Microarray of AA brain tissue identified transcriptional patterns linked to AD pathogenesis. Conclusions Thr92AlaD2 was associated with molecular markers known to underlie AD pathogenesis in AAs, translating to an observed phenotype of increased odds of developing AD/dementia in AAs in these populations. Thr92AlaD2 might represent one factor contributing to racial discrepancies in incident AD.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Genome}, issn = {0021-972X}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/103/5/1818/4893706}, author = {Elizabeth A. McAninch and Rajan, Kumar B and Sungro Jo and Layal Chaker and et al.} } @article {9930, title = {The Effect of Adherence to Screening Guidelines on the Risk of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease in Elderly Individuals Newly Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.}, journal = {Gerontology \& Geriatric Medicine}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, month = {2018 Jan-Dec}, pages = {2333721418811201}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to examine the possibility that type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease may share common behavioral protective factors such as adherence to type 2 diabetes treatment guidelines given that these two diseases have both epidemiological and metabolic similarities. : The method used in this study is a retrospective cohort study of 3,797 U.S. Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 66+ newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and without a prior record of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease based on the Health and Retirement Study. : Results of a left-truncated Cox model showed that adherence reduces the risk of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease by 20\% to 24\%. Other significant effects were college education (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.65; value: .023), stroke (HR: 1.40; value: .013), and 4+ limitations in physical functioning (HR: 1.33; value: .008). : Risk of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease can be reduced by behavioral factors. Possible mechanisms may include earlier start of interventions to reduce blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Diabetes, Medicare linkage, Screenings}, issn = {2333-7214}, doi = {10.1177/2333721418811201}, author = {Arseniy P Yashkin and Akushevich, Igor and Svetlana Ukraintseva and Anatoliy Yashin} } @article {9421, title = {Hidden heterogeneity in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease: Insights from genetic association studies and other analyses}, journal = {Experimental Gerontology}, volume = {107}, year = {2018}, pages = {148-160}, abstract = {Despite evident success in clarifying many important features of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) the efficient methods of its prevention and treatment are not yet available. The reasons are likely to be the fact that AD is a multifactorial and heterogeneous health disorder with multiple alternative pathways of disease development and progression. The availability of genetic data on individuals participated in longitudinal studies of aging health and longevity, as well as on participants of cross-sectional case-control studies allow for investigating genetic and non-genetic connections with AD and to link the results of these analyses with research findings obtained in clinical, experimental, and molecular biological studies of this health disorder. The objective of this paper is to perform GWAS of AD in several study populations and investigate possible roles of detected genetic factors in developing AD hallmarks and in other health disorders. The data collected in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Late Onset Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease Family Study (LOADFS) were used in these analyses. The logistic regression and Cox{\textquoteright}s regression were used as statistical models in GWAS. The results of analyses confirmed strong associations of genetic variants from well-known genes APOE, TOMM40, PVRL2 (NECTIN2), and APOC1 with AD. Possible roles of these genes in pathological mechanisms resulting in development of hallmarks of AD are described. Many genes whose connection with AD was detected in other studies showed nominally significant associations with this health disorder in our study. The evidence on genetic connections between AD and vulnerability to infection, as well as between AD and other health disorders, such as cancer and type 2 diabetes, were investigated. The progress in uncovering hidden heterogeneity in AD would be substantially facilitated if common mechanisms involved in development of AD, its hallmarks, and AD related chronic conditions were investigated in their mutual connection.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cancer screenings, Genetics, GWAS}, issn = {05315565}, doi = {10.1016/j.exger.2017.10.020}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0531556517304242}, author = {Anatoliy Yashin and Fang, Fang and Kovtun, Mikhail and Wu, Deqing and Duan, Matt and Konstantin G Arbeev and Akushevich, Igor and Alexander M Kulminski and Culminskaya, Irina and Zhbannikov, Ilya and Arseniy P Yashkin and Stallard, Eric and Svetlana Ukraintseva} } @article {9727, title = {The Impact of Changes in Population Health and Mortality on Future Prevalence of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease and Other Dementias in the United States}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology: Series B}, volume = {73}, year = {2018}, pages = {S38-S47}, abstract = {Objectives We assessed potential benefits for older Americans of reducing risk factors associated with dementia. Methods A dynamic simulation model tracked a national cohort of persons 51 and 52 years of age to project dementia onset and mortality in risk reduction scenarios for diabetes, hypertension, and dementia. Results We found reducing incidence of diabetes by 50\% did not reduce number of years a person ages 51 or 52 lived with dementia and increased the population ages 65 and older in 2040 with dementia by about 115,000. Eliminating hypertension at middle and older ages increased life expectancy conditional on survival to age 65 by almost 1 year, however, it increased years living with dementia. Innovation in treatments that delay onset of dementia by 2 years increased longevity, reduced years with dementia, and decreased the population ages 65 and older in 2040 with dementia by 2.2 million. Conclusions Prevention of chronic disease may generate health and longevity benefits but does not reduce burden of dementia. A focus on treatments that provide even short delays in onset of dementia can have immediate impacts on longevity and quality of life and reduce the number of Americans with dementia over the next decades.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Mortality, Population Health}, issn = {1079-5014}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbx147}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/73/suppl_1/S38/4971567http://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article-pdf/73/suppl_1/S38/24626796/gbx147.pdf}, author = {Julie M Zissimopoulos and Tysinger, Bryan and Patricia A St Clair and Eileen M. Crimmins} } @article {9941, title = {Polygenic Score for Alzheimer Disease and cognition: The mediating role of personality.}, journal = {Journal of Psychiatric Research}, volume = {107}, year = {2018}, pages = {110-113}, abstract = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) polygenic risk score (PGS) is associated with lower cognitive functioning even among older individuals without dementia. We tested the hypothesis that personality traits mediate the association between AD genetic risk and cognitive functioning. Participants (N > 7,000, aged 50-99 years old) from the Health and Retirement Study were genotyped and completed personality and cognition tests at baseline. Cognition was assessed again four years later. Bootstrap analysis revealed that a higher AD polygenic risk score was associated with lower cognitive scores at baseline through higher neuroticism, lower conscientiousness, and lower levels of the industriousness facet of conscientiousness. In addition, a higher polygenic score for AD was associated with decline in cognition over four years in part through higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness. The findings support the hypothesis that the genetic vulnerability for AD contributes to cognitive functioning in part through its association with personality traits.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition \& Reasoning, Personality, PGS}, issn = {1879-1379}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.10.015}, author = {Yannick Stephan and Angelina R Sutin and Martina Luchetti and Pauline Caille and Antonio Terracciano} } @article {9808, title = {Psychological Distress, Self-Beliefs, and Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.}, journal = {Journal of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease}, volume = {65}, year = {2018}, pages = {1041-1050}, abstract = {Depressive symptoms and a history of mental disorders are associated with increased risk for dementia. Less is known about whether other aspects of psychological distress and negative self-beliefs also increase risk. The purpose of this research is to examine 1) whether eight aspects of psychological distress and self-beliefs (anxiety, negative affect, hostility, anger-in, anger-out, hopelessness, pessimism, perceived constraints) are associated with risk of incident dementia and cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND), 2) whether the associations are independent of depressive symptoms and history of a mental health diagnosis, and 3) whether the associations are also independent of behavioral, clinical, and genetic risk factors. A total of 9,913 participants (60\% female) from the Health and Retirement Study completed the baseline measures, scored in the non-impaired range of cognition at baseline, and had cognitive status assessed across the 6-8-year follow-up. Baseline measures included eight aspects of psychological distress and self-beliefs, cognitive performance, depressive symptoms, and genetic, clinical, and behavioral risk factors. Participants who scored higher on anxiety, negative affect, hostility, pessimism, hopelessness, and perceived constraints were at a 20-30\% increased risk of dementia and a 10-20\% increased risk of CIND. The associations held controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, history of a mental health diagnosis, clinical and behavioral risk factors, and genetic risk. Anger-in and anger-out were unrelated to risk of either dementia or CIND. Independent of the core experience of depressed affect, other aspects of negative emotionality and self-beliefs increase risk of mild and severe cognitive impairment, which suggests additional targets of intervention.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Dementia, Depressive symptoms}, issn = {1875-8908}, doi = {10.3233/JAD-180119}, author = {Angelina R Sutin and Yannick Stephan and Antonio Terracciano} } @article {9448, title = {Psychological well-being and risk of dementia.}, journal = {International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry}, volume = {33}, year = {2018}, month = {05/2018}, pages = {743-747}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: Well-being is a psychological resource that buffers against age-related disease. We test whether this protective effect extends to dementia and whether it is independent of distress.

METHODS: Participants (N~=~10,099) were from the Health and Retirement Study. Five aspects of positive psychological functioning (life satisfaction, optimism, mastery, purpose in life, and positive affect) were tested as predictors of incident dementia over 6 to 8~years.

RESULTS: Purpose in life was associated with a 30\% decreased risk of dementia, independent of psychological distress, other clinical and behavioral risk factors, income/wealth, and genetic risk. After controlling for distress and other risk factors, the other aspects of well-being were not associated with dementia risk.

CONCLUSIONS: After considering psychological distress, we found that measures of well-being were generally not protective against risk of dementia. An exception is purpose in life, which suggests that a meaningful and goal-driven life reduces risk of dementia.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, Depressive symptoms, Health Conditions and Status, Well-being}, issn = {1099-1166}, doi = {10.1002/gps.4849}, author = {Angelina R Sutin and Yannick Stephan and Antonio Terracciano} } @article {9530, title = {Spotting Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Early Could Save America $7.9 Trillion}, journal = {Bloomberg}, year = {2018}, address = {New York City}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, News}, url = {https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-20/u-s-is-said-to-plan-heavy-china-tariff-hit-as-soon-as-this-week}, author = {Levingston, Ivan} } @article {9134, title = {African-Americans in New York City are two times more likely than white Americans to have Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease}, year = {2017}, publisher = {PR Newswire}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, News, Racial/ethnic differences}, url = {http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/african-americans-in-new-york-city-are-two-times-more-likely-than-white-americans-to-have-alzheimers-disease-300471373.html}, author = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association - NYC Chapter} } @article {9337, title = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease genetic risk variants beyond APOE ε4 predict mortality}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment \& Disease Monitoring}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {188-195}, abstract = {We hypothesized that, like apolipoprotein E (APOE), other late-onset Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (LOAD) genetic susceptibility loci predict mortality. Methods We used a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) from 21 non-APOE LOAD risk variants to predict survival in the Adult Changes in Thought and the Health and Retirement Studies. We meta-analyzed hazard ratios and examined models adjusted for cognitive performance or limited to participants with dementia. For replication, we assessed the GRS-longevity association in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology, comparing cases surviving to age >=90 years with controls who died between ages 55 and 80 years. Results Higher GRS predicted mortality (hazard ratio = 1.05; 95\% confidence interval: 1.00{\textendash}1.10, P =.04). After adjusting for cognitive performance or restricting to participants with dementia, the relationship was attenuated and no longer significant. In case-control analysis, the GRS was associated with reduced longevity (odds ratio = 0.64; 95\% confidence interval: 0.41{\textendash}1.00, P =.05). Discussion Non-APOE LOAD susceptibility loci confer risk for mortality, likely through effects on dementia incidence.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, APoE4, Cognitive Ability, Genetics, Mortality, Risk Factors}, issn = {23528729}, doi = {10.1016/j.dadm.2017.07.002}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352872917300416http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352872917300416?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352872917300416?httpAccept=text/plain}, author = {Mez, Jesse and Jessica R Marden and Mukherjee, Shubhabrata and Stefan Walter and Laura E Gibbons and Alden L Gross and Laura B Zahodne and Paola Gilsanz and Brewster, Paul and Nho, Kwangsik and Paul K Crane and Eric B Larson and M. Maria Glymour} } @article {9407, title = {Cognitive Disparities: The Impact of the Great Depression and Cumulative Inequality on Later-Life Cognitive Function}, journal = {Demography}, volume = {54}, year = {2017}, pages = {2125-2158}, abstract = {Population aging has driven a spate of recent research on later-life cognitive function. Greater longevity increases the lifetime risk of memory diseases that compromise the cognitive abilities vital to well-being. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, thought to be the most common underlying pathology for elders{\textquoteright} cognitive dysfunction (Willis and Hakim 2013), is already the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association 2016). Understanding social determinants of pathological cognitive decline is key to crafting interventions, but evidence is inconclusive for how social factors interact over the life course to affect cognitive function. I study whether early-life exposure to the Great Depression is directly associated with later-life cognitive function, influences risky behaviors over the life course, and/or accumulates with other life-course disadvantages. Using growth curve models to analyze the Health and Retirement Study, I find that early-life exposure to the Great Depression is associated with fluid cognition, controlling for intervening factors{\textemdash}evidence for a critical period model. I find little support for a social trajectory model. Disadvantage accumulates over the life course to predict worse cognitive function, providing strong evidence for a cumulative inequality model. }, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Great Depression, Race/ethnicity, Socioeconomic factors}, issn = {0070-3370}, doi = {10.1007/s13524-017-0629-4}, author = {Jo Mhairi Hale} } @article {9308, title = {FTD Takes a Greater Financial Toll Than Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s}, journal = {Medscape}, volume = {2017}, year = {2017}, publisher = {WebMD}, address = {New York City, NY}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Finances, FTD}, url = {https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/886562}, author = {Harrison, Pam} } @article {9400, title = {House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations Hearing}, journal = {House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Federal Information \& News Dispatch, Inc.}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Global Health, Government, HCAP, Testimony}, url = {http://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1970242679?accountid=14667} } @article {9144, title = {The influence of psychosocial and cognitive factors on perceived threat of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease}, journal = {American Journal of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease \& Other Dementias}, volume = {32}, year = {2017}, pages = {289-299}, abstract = {This study explored psychosocial and cognitive predictors of perceived threat of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD). Respondents were 1641 adults (mean age: 64.4; 54\% female; 82\% white) who completed a module in the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of adults aged >=50. Findings show that perceived threat was significantly higher for those aged 50 to 64 (P < .001) and 65 to 74 (P < .05) than for those >=75. Respondents with a family history of AD had significantly greater perceived threat (P < .001) than those with no experience. Stronger endorsement of the beliefs that stress (P < .01) or genetics (P < .01) are important AD risk factors was significantly associated with greater perceived threat, as was having more depressive symptoms (P < .01), poorer self-rated memory (P < .01), and lower cognitive function (P < .01). Personal experience moderated the relationship between perceived threat and 2 variables: age and self-rated memory. Understanding perceived AD threat may inform practice and policies centered on early and accurate diagnosis.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Perception, Psychosocial}, issn = {1533-3175}, doi = {10.1177/1533317517714552}, url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1533317517714552}, author = {Jenny E Ostergren and Steven G Heeringa and Carlos F. Mendes de Leon and Cathleen M. Connell and J Scott Roberts} } @mastersthesis {9286, title = {Perceived Threat of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease and Help-seeking Behavior in Older Adults with Memory Complaints}, volume = {Doctor of Philosophy}, year = {2017}, pages = {175}, school = {University of Michigan}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, abstract = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) is a chronic disorder with a high burden of suffering for affected individuals, their caregivers, families, and communities. An increased emphasis on early AD detection may benefit affected individuals and their caregivers, especially where disparities already exist in health care and outcomes, but may also unnecessarily heighten perceived AD threat among healthy older adults. Relatively few studies have examined predictors of perceived AD threat and help-seeking behavior among a large and diverse sample that is broadly representative of the U.S. adult population. Informed by health behavior theory, my dissertation 1) identifies factors that influence formal help-seeking for memory complaints through a systematic review of the literature, 2) examines psychosocial and cognitive predictors of perceived AD threat, an understudied construct related to help-seeking, among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults from the Health and Retirement Study, and 3) explores demographic, health care access, and health status predictors of help-seeking among older adults with memory complaints using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. Findings from the systematic review suggest that individual, interpersonal, and structural/policy level factors each play a key role in help-seeking. Multivariate analyses of perceived AD threat revealed that perceived threat was significantly higher for respondents aged 50-64 and 65-74 than for those over 75. Higher perceived threat was also associated with a family history of AD (compared to no experience), stronger beliefs that stress or genetics are important AD risk factors, more depressive symptoms, poorer self-rated memory, and lower cognitive function. Respondents with lower education levels were significantly less likely to seek help. Those who reported more memory-related functional difficulty, more frequent days of poor mental health, and having a primary care provider, were more likely to seek help. These findings highlight the need for education and community outreach to raise awareness about early dementia symptoms, provide specific factors that health care providers should consider in clinical encounters, and highlight the need for careful initial cognitive screening of individuals with memory complaints. These findings also provide insight about the help-seeking process, and a starting point for interventions aimed at increasing timely AD diagnosis and treatment. }, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Memory}, url = {https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/136998}, author = {Jenny E Ostergren} } @book {9219, title = {Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward}, year = {2017}, publisher = {National Academies Press}, organization = {National Academies Press}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {Societies around the world are concerned about dementia and the other forms of cognitive impairment that affect many older adults. We now know that brain changes typically begin years before people show symptoms, which suggests a window of opportunity to prevent or delay the onset of these conditions. Emerging evidence that the prevalence of dementia is declining in high-income countries offers hope that public health interventions will be effective in preventing or delaying cognitive impairments. Until recently, the research and clinical communities have focused primarily on understanding and treating these conditions after they have developed. Thus, the evidence base on how to prevent or delay these conditions has been limited at best, despite the many claims of success made in popular media and advertising. Today, however, a growing body of prevention research is emerging. Preventing Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Way Forward assesses the current state of knowledge on interventions to prevent cognitive decline and dementia, and informs future research in this area. This report provides recommendations of appropriate content for inclusion in public health messages from the National Institute on Aging.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognitive Ability, Dementia, Preventative Medicine}, isbn = {978-0-309-45959-4}, doi = {10.17226/24782}, url = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24782}, editor = {Leshner, Alan I. and Landis, Story and Stroud, Clare and Downey, Autumn} } @article {9145, title = {Study reveals factors that increase people{\textquoteright}s fear of developing Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s News Today}, year = {2017}, publisher = {BioNews Services, LLC}, address = {Dallas, TX}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, News}, author = {Magdalena Kegel} } @article {9211, title = {There{\textquoteright}s a sliver of positive Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s news if focusing only on rates}, journal = {Pittsburgh Post-Gazette}, year = {2017}, chapter = {Aging Edge}, address = {Pittsburgh, PA}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, News}, url = {http://www.post-gazette.com/aging-edge/gary-rotstein-s-what-s-new-in-aging/2017/07/18/Aging-Edge-Alzheimer-s-dementia-Population-Reference-Bureau-report/stories/201707180133}, author = {Rotstein, Gary} } @mastersthesis {8989, title = {An Economic Analysis of the Market for Long-term Care: Evidence from Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease.}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {2016}, school = {The Ohio State University}, type = {Dissertation}, address = {Columbus, Ohio}, abstract = {This study investigates whether or not people{\textquoteright}s financial decisions vary with information shocks about Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) and the supply of informal care supplied by children. To do so, I estimate economic models using data from the 1998-2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the 2008-2009 Simmons National Consumer Surveys (NCS). I find empirical evidence that the exposure to particular types of information does influence people{\textquoteright}s decisions to buy LTC insurance. Specifically, information about familial history of AD, about costs of LTC and coverage of insurance, and about family{\textquoteright}s experience with AD patients increases the probability that a person owns LTC insurance. Information regarding celebrities{\textquoteright} disclosure that they have been diagnosed with AD and about general facts on the disease decreases the probability of holding LTC insurance. I also find that the cumulated stock measures of information, as opposed to flow measures, are more appropriate to fully capture the true effects of information about AD on people{\textquoteright}s financial decisions. I find strong evidence in support of Becker{\textquoteright}s Rotten Kid theorem (1974, 1981). Using a two-stage model, I show that the probability that parents receive informal care from one of their children is negatively related to a child{\textquoteright}s cost of providing care and is positively related to the degree of reciprocity between parents and their children. The estimated expected probability that a parent will receive care in the future is positively correlated with the level of savings and transfers to her child. These empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that parents strategically withhold bequests (or transfer money to their children) to elicit informal care from their children. Advisors/Committee Members: Lillard, Dean (Advisor), Montalto, Catherine (Advisor).}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Economics, Long-term Care}, url = {http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468878961}, author = {Su Hyun Shin} } @article {8883, title = {Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {533}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 05 26}, pages = {539-42}, abstract = {

Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20\% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Bipolar Disorder, Cognitive Ability, Education, Fetus, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Schizophrenia, United Kingdom}, issn = {1476-4687}, doi = {10.1038/nature17671}, author = {Okbay, Aysu and Jonathan P. Beauchamp and Mark Alan Fontana and Lee, James J and Pers, Tune H and Cornelius A Rietveld and Turley, Patrick and Chen, Guo-Bo and Emilsson, Valur and Meddens, S Fleur W and Oskarsson, Sven and Pickrell, Joseph K and Thom, Kevin and Pascal N Timshel and de Vlaming, Ronald and Abdel Abdellaoui and Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S and Bacelis, Jonas and Baumbach, Clemens and Bjornsdottir, Gyda and Brandsma, Johannes H and Maria Pina Concas and Derringer, Jaime and Furlotte, Nicholas A and Galesloot, Tessel E and Giorgia G Girotto and Gupta, Richa and Hall, Leanne M and Sarah E Harris and Edith Hofer and Horikoshi, Momoko and Huffman, Jennifer E and Kaasik, Kadri and Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati and Karlsson, Robert and Kong, Augustine and Lahti, Jari and Sven J van der Lee and Christiaan de Leeuw and Penelope A Lind and Lindgren, Karl-Oskar and Tian Liu and Mangino, Massimo and Marten, Jonathan and Mihailov, Evelin and Michael B Miller and van der Most, Peter J and Christopher J Oldmeadow and Payton, Antony and Pervjakova, Natalia and Wouter J Peyrot and Qian, Yong and Olli T Raitakari and Rueedi, Rico and Salvi, Erika and Schmidt, B{\"o}rge and Schraut, Katharina E and Jianxin Shi and Albert Vernon Smith and Poot, Raymond A and St Pourcain, Beate and Teumer, Alexander and Thorleifsson, Gudmar and Verweij, Niek and Vuckovic, Dragana and J{\"u}rgen Wellmann and Westra, Harm-Jan and Yang, Jingyun and Wei Zhao and Zhihong Zhu and Alizadeh, Behrooz Z and Amin, Najaf and Bakshi, Andrew and Baumeister, Sebastian E and Biino, Ginevra and B{\o}nnelykke, Klaus and Patricia A. Boyle and Campbell, Harry and Cappuccio, Francesco P and Gail Davies and De Neve, Jan-Emmanuel and Deloukas, Panos and Demuth, Ilja and Ding, Jun and Eibich, Peter and Eisele, Lewin and Eklund, Niina and Jessica Faul and Feitosa, Mary F and Andreas J Forstner and Gandin, Ilaria and Gunnarsson, Bjarni and Halld{\'o}rsson, Bjarni V and Tamara B Harris and Andrew C Heath and Lynne J Hocking and Holliday, Elizabeth G and Homuth, Georg and Horan, Michael A and Jouke-Jan Hottenga and Philip L de Jager and Joshi, Peter K and Jugessur, Astanand and Marika A Kaakinen and K{\"a}h{\"o}nen, Mika and Kanoni, Stavroula and Keltigangas-J{\"a}rvinen, Liisa and Lambertus A Kiemeney and Kolcic, Ivana and Koskinen, Seppo and Kraja, Aldi T and Kroh, Martin and Kutalik, Zolt{\'a}n and Latvala, Antti and Lenore J Launer and Lebreton, Ma{\"e}l P and Douglas F Levinson and Paul Lichtenstein and Lichtner, Peter and David C Liewald and Loukola, Anu and Pamela A F Madden and M{\"a}gi, Reedik and M{\"a}ki-Opas, Tomi and Riccardo E Marioni and Marques-Vidal, Pedro and Meddens, Gerardus A and McMahon, George and Meisinger, Christa and Meitinger, Thomas and Milaneschi, Yusplitri and Lili Milani and Grant W Montgomery and Myhre, Ronny and Nelson, Christopher P and Nyholt, Dale R and William E R Ollier and Aarno Palotie and Paternoster, Lavinia and Nancy L Pedersen and Katja E Petrovic and David J Porteous and Katri R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen and Ring, Susan M and Robino, Antonietta and Rostapshova, Olga and Rudan, Igor and Rustichini, Aldo and Veikko Salomaa and Sanders, Alan R and Sarin, Antti-Pekka and Schmidt, Helena and Rodney J Scott and Smith, Blair H and Jennifer A Smith and Staessen, Jan A and Steinhagen-Thiessen, Elisabeth and Strauch, Konstantin and Antonio Terracciano and Tobin, Martin D and Ulivi, Sheila and Vaccargiu, Simona and Quaye, Lydia and van Rooij, Frank J A and Venturini, Cristina and Anna A E Vinkhuyzen and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and V{\"o}lzke, Henry and Vonk, Judith M and Vozzi, Diego and Waage, Johannes and Erin B Ware and Gonneke Willemsen and John R. Attia and David A Bennett and Klaus Berger and Bertram, Lars and Bisgaard, Hans and Dorret I Boomsma and Ingrid B Borecki and B{\"u}ltmann, Ute and Chabris, Christopher F and Francesco Cucca and Cusi, Daniele and Ian J Deary and George Dedoussis and Cornelia M van Duijn and Johan G Eriksson and Franke, Barbara and Lude L Franke and Paolo P. Gasparini and Gejman, Pablo V and Gieger, Christian and Hans-J{\"o}rgen Grabe and Gratten, Jacob and Groenen, Patrick J F and Gudnason, Vilmundur and van der Harst, Pim and Caroline Hayward and Hinds, David A and Hoffmann, Wolfgang and Hypp{\"o}nen, Elina and Iacono, William G and Jacobsson, Bo and J{\"a}rvelin, Marjo-Riitta and J{\"o}ckel, Karl-Heinz and Kaprio, Jaakko and Sharon L R Kardia and Lehtim{\"a}ki, Terho and Lehrer, Steven F and Patrik K E Magnusson and Nicholas G Martin and McGue, Matt and Andres Metspalu and Pendleton, Neil and Brenda W J H Penninx and Markus Perola and Nicola Pirastu and Pirastu, Mario and Polasek, Ozren and Posthuma, Danielle and Power, Christine and Province, Michael A and Nilesh J Samani and Schlessinger, David and Schmidt, Reinhold and Thorkild I. A. S{\o}rensen and Timothy Spector and Stefansson, Kari and Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur and A. Roy Thurik and Nicholas J Timpson and Henning Tiemeier and Tung, Joyce Y and Andr{\'e} G Uitterlinden and Vitart, Veronique and Vollenweider, Peter and David R Weir and James F Wilson and Alan F Wright and Dalton C Conley and Krueger, Robert F and George Davey Smith and Hofman, Albert and David I Laibson and Sarah E Medland and Meyer, Michelle N and Yang, Jian and Johannesson, Magnus and Peter M Visscher and T{\~o}nu Esko and Philipp D Koellinger and Cesarini, David and Daniel J. Benjamin} } @article {8470, title = {NIH-funded study identifies genetic links to educational attainment}, journal = {PharmaBiz}, year = {2016}, note = {Copyright - Copyright 2010 Saffron Media Pvt. Ltd Last updated - 2016-05-13}, month = {2016 May 13}, publisher = {Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd.}, address = {Mumbai}, abstract = {The study team regards this study as preliminary and exploratory. Because educational attainment is a complex phenomenon, there are many additional sources of molecular genetic variation to be discovered.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Cognition \& Reasoning, Cognitive Ability, Education, Genetics}, url = {http://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1788539283?accountid=14667http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004\&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8\&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQ\%3Aabitrade\&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal\&rft.genr} } @article {9166, title = {Unfinished business in preventing Alzheimer Disease.}, journal = {JAMA Internal Medicine}, volume = {176}, year = {2016}, pages = {1739-1740}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Commentary}, issn = {2168-6114}, doi = {10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6310}, author = {Jason H. Karlawish and Kenneth M. Langa} }