@article {PAVELA2022101200,
	title = {The associations between relative and absolute body mass index with mortality rate based on predictions from stigma theory},
	journal = {SSM - Population Health},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {101200},
	abstract = {Background
The social consequences of obesity may influence health and mortality rate (MR), given obesity{\textquoteright}s status as a highly stigmatized condition. Hence, a high absolute body mass index (BMI) in conjunction with the stigmatization of a high BMI may each independently increase the rate of MR.

Objectives
We tested whether relative BMI, defined as ordinal rank within a social reference group jointly defined by age, sex, and race/ethnicity, is associated with MR independent of absolute BMI.

Methods
Data were from three nationally representative datasets: the Health and Retirement Study (n = 31,115), the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, n = 529,362), and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 31,115). Relative BMI kg/m2 deciles were calculated within twenty-four subgroups jointly defined by age (6 levels), sex (2 levels), and race/ethnicity (4 levels). The association between ordinal rank BMI and MR was assessed using Cox survival generalized additive models in each dataset with adjustments for age, race, sex, smoking, educational attainment, and absolute BMI.

Results
Absolute BMI had a significant non-monotonic association with MR, such that BMI was positively associated with mortality at BMI levels above approximately 25 kg/m2. Contrary to expectations, results from NHIS indicated that individuals in the first decile of relative BMI had the highest MR whereas relative BMI was not associated with MR in the NHANES and HRS.

Conclusion
We hypothesized that the stigmatization of obesity might lead to an increased MR after controlling for absolute BMI. Contrary to expectations, a higher relative BMI was not associated with an increased MR independent of absolute BMI.},
	keywords = {BMI, Deviance, Epidemiology, Lifespan, Longevity, Mortality rate, Obesity, Relative weight, Stigma},
	issn = {2352-8273},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101200},
	author = {Gregory Pavela and Nengjun Yi and Luis Mestre and Stella Lartey and Pengcheng Xun and David B. Allison}
}
