@article {9499,
	title = {BMI and Central Obesity With Falls Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults},
	journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e59-e66},
	abstract = {Introduction: This study examined the associations of BMI category and central obesity status, with falls among community-dwelling older adults in the U.S. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2012 and 2014 U.S. Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative longitudinal panel study funded by the National Institute of Aging. The study participants were U.S. community-dwelling older adults aged >=65 years (N=3,383). Multiple logistic regression and Poisson regression analyses examined the associations of BMI category and central obesity (waist circumference >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) with experiencing a fall and fall injury, after adjusting for all other covariates. A prospective analysis was conducted in which independent variables from 2012 were examined in relation to dependent variables measured in the same participants in 2014. Results: Overall, 35.2\% of older adults experienced at least one fall in the past 2 years. Compared with those who were not, centrally obese older adults were more likely to experience a fall (AOR=1.37, 95\% CI=1.01, 1.85) and fall more frequently (incidence rate ratio=1.15, 95\% CI=1.03, 1.29). Fallers in the obese BMI category were less likely than normal-weight fallers to experience a fall injury (AOR=0.56, 95\% CI=0.35, 0.91). Conclusions: These findings suggest that (1) central obesity be measured when assessing older adults{\textquoteright} fall risk and (2) specific community prevention strategies for centrally obese older adults be developed to better prevent falls and fall-related injuries.},
	keywords = {BMI, Community-dwelling, Falls, Risk Factors},
	issn = {07493797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.020},
	url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379717307523http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0749379717307523?httpAccept=text/xmlhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0749379717307523?httpAccept=text/plain},
	author = {Cho, Beom-Young and Seo, Dong-Chul and Hsien-Chang Lin and David K Lohrmann and Andrea K. Chomistek}
}
@article {9484,
	title = {Longitudinal state-level effects on change in body mass index among middle-aged and older adults in the USA},
	journal = {Health Education Journal},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {59-72},
	abstract = {Objective:

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the effects of state-level socioeconomic status (SES), the density of fast food restaurants and walking to work on body mass index (BMI) among US adults aged 50 years and older. The study sought further to account for the interaction effects of three different hierarchical levels of variables, including time-varying variables and time-invariant variables such as individual and state-level variables. Confounding related to environmental/neighbourhood effects was controlled for through sample selection.

Methods:
Data were drawn from the 2000{\textendash}2010 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the 2010 US Census. HRS survey participants aged 50 years and older in 2000, residing in the same census tract during 2000{\textendash}2010 (N = 6,156) comprised the study sample. A three-level growth model was fitted to BMI trajectories.

Results:
BMI significantly increased over time showing both a linear and quadratic decelerating trajectory (p < .001) where BMI grew faster among sampled adults in their early 50s. Women living in the US states with a lower state-level SES had higher BMIs, while men with higher state-level SES had a higher BMI (b = -.242, p = .013). In states with a higher proportion of people who walked to work, Hispanics had higher BMIs at baseline and a lower BMI growth rate, compared with non-Hispanic whites (b = -.033, p < .001).

Conclusions:
Obesity interventions specific to adults aged 50 years and older require greater emphasis. Potential health inequalities regarding weight gain can be ameliorated through tailoring interventions based on sex, environmental and state-level SES influences.},
	keywords = {BMI, Eating habits, Gender Differences, Health Trajectories, Regional associations, Socioeconomic factors},
	issn = {0017-8969},
	doi = {10.1177/0017896917733016},
	author = {Chen, Cheng-Chia and Seo, Dong-Chul and Hsien-Chang Lin}
}
