@article {13806, title = {Allostatic load is higher in women in long-term couples}, year = {2024}, publisher = {News Wise}, keywords = {Allostatic load, long-term couples, women}, url = {https://www.newswise.com/articles/allostatic-load-is-higher-in-women-in-long-term-couples}, author = {Universite de Montreal} } @article {12490, title = {Attributions for Everyday Discrimination and All-Cause Mortality Risk Among Older Black Women: A Latent Class Analysis Approach.}, journal = {The Gerontologist}, volume = {63}, year = {2023}, pages = {887-899}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study examined the relationship between number of attributed reasons for everyday discrimination and all-cause mortality risk, developed latent classes of discrimination attribution, and assessed whether these latent classes were related to all-cause mortality risk among US older Black women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD: Participants were from the 2006 and 2008 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 1133; 335 deaths). Vital status was collected through the National Death Index through 2013 and key informant reports through 2019. Latent Class Analyses were conducted on discrimination attributions. Weighted Cox proportional hazards model were used to predict all-cause mortality. Analyses controlled for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and health.

RESULTS: Reporting greater attributions for everyday discrimination was associated with higher mortality risk (HR = 1.117; 95\% CI: 1.038 - 1.202; p <.01), controlling for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and health as well as health behaviors. A four-class solution of the Latent Class Analysis specified the following attribution classes: No/Low Attribution; Ancestry/Gender/Race/Age; Age/Physical Disability; High on All Attributions. When compared to the No/Low Attribution class, membership in the High on All Attributions class was associated with greater mortality risk (HR = 2.809; CI: 1.458 - 5.412; p < .01).

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Findings underscore the importance of everyday discrimination experiences from multiple sources in shaping all-cause mortality risk among older Black women. Accordingly, this study problematizes the homogenization of Black women in aging research and suggests the need for health interventions that consider Black women{\textquoteright}s multiplicity of social statuses.

}, keywords = {African Americans, death index, Health Disparities, Intersectionality, Mortality, women}, issn = {1758-5341}, doi = {10.1093/geront/gnac080}, author = {Erving, Christy L and Cobb, Ryon J and Sheehan, Connor} } @article {13443, title = {Life, Longevity, and the Pursuit of Happiness: The Role of Disability in Shaping Racial and Sex Disparities in Living a Long and Happy Life}, journal = {Population Research and Policy Review}, volume = {42}, year = {2023}, pages = {72}, abstract = {Disability-free life expectancy is a common measure used by demographers to gauge quantity and quality of life. Yet, the extent to which positive dimensions of quality of life differ by disability status remains unexplored. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 16,614), we estimated happy life expectancy by age, race, sex, and severe Activities of Daily Living (ADL) limitations. First, results show that happy life expectancy differed substantially by disability status, as older adults with severe ADL limitations experienced 50{\textendash}60\% fewer remaining years of their life happy compared to their more able-bodied peers. Second, healthy Black women and men at age fifty can expect to live five fewer years of their remaining life happy compared to their White peers, but there were no significant race or sex differences among individuals with severe ADL limitations. Finally, the racial gap in Happy Life Expectancy between Black and White women was largely accounted for by group differences in marital status, education, and wealth, but Black men continued to be disadvantaged compared to their White peers. Implications of this study point to a need to critically examine the intersections of race and sex to develop a clearer portrait of the pattern and underlying factors associated with social disparities in longevity and quality of life. Findings highlight the importance of considering positive dimensions of quality of life alongside measures of illness, disability, or disease when determining whether we are adding life to years or just years to life.}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Black People, Black white differences, Black women, Business And Economics{\textendash}Economic Situation And Conditions, Data quality, Demographers, Demography, Disability, Disadvantaged, Gender Differences, Happiness, health, Inequality, Intersectionality, Life Expectancy, Life span, limitations, Longevity, Marital Status, Men, Older people, Peers, Quality of Life, race, Racial differences, Racial inequality, Retirement, Severity, Sex differences, Subjective well-being, Wealth, women}, isbn = {01675923}, url = {https://proxy.lib.umich.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/life-longevity-pursuit-happiness-role-disability/docview/2849184861/se-2}, author = {Bardo,Anthony R. and Cummings,Jason L.} } @article {12623, title = {After 50 Years of Progress, How Prepared Are Women for Retirement?}, year = {2022}, publisher = {MarketWatch}, keywords = {Retirement, retirement preparedness, women}, url = {https://www.marketwatch.com/story/after-50-years-of-progress-how-prepared-are-women-for-retirement-11660559958}, author = {Alicia H. Munnell} } @article {12515, title = {After 50 Years of Progress, How Prepared Are Women for Retirement?}, year = {2022}, institution = {Center for Retirement Research at Boston College}, address = {Chestnut Hill, MA}, abstract = {Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, and gender identity) in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. In the 50 years since the enactment of Title IX, women have made enormous strides in terms of educational attainment, work, and earnings. Although a wage gap by gender persists, women{\textquoteright}s progress in the workforce has clearly enhanced their economic status as individuals. On the other hand, women have chosen to spend less of their adult life married, and the decision to eschew the potential support of a spouse could have put them more at risk economically. This study uses the Health and Retirement Study to document the economic gains and the changing demographic profiles of women and then assesses the extent to which they are prepared for retirement. Since the trends in both economic gains and marriage have differed for Black and White women, the results are reported by race as well as for all women. This review shows that women have gained in educational attainment, work force activity, and earnings, and this progress has translated into wealth. Moreover, women do not appear to have undone their economic gains since Title IX{\textquoteright}s passage by opting to spend more time on their own {\textendash} those who spend the majority of their adult life single are as well prepared for retirement as married couples. }, keywords = {Marriage, race, Retirement, single, women}, url = {https://crr.bc.edu/special-projects/special-reports/after-50-years-of-progress-how-prepared-are-women-for-retirement/}, author = {Alicia H. Munnell and Liu, Siyan and Quinby, Laura D.} } @article {12714, title = {Can self-employment promote better cardiovascular health for women?}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Harvard Health Publishing }, keywords = {Cardiovascular health, Self-employment, women}, url = {https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-self-employment-promote-better-cardiovascular-health-for-women-202209292823}, author = {Salamon, Maureen} } @article {12649, title = {Formerly incarcerated women of color face worse health in later life}, journal = {OUPBlog}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, keywords = {health, incarcerated, Race/ethnicity, women}, url = {https://blog.oup.com/2022/09/formerly-incarcerated-women-of-color-face-worse-health-in-later-life/}, author = {Latham-Mintus, Kenzie and Deck, Monica M and Nelson, Elizabeth} } @article {12587, title = {How Much Retirement Income You{\textquoteright}ll Have After Paying Medical Expenses}, year = {2022}, publisher = {smartasset}, keywords = {Out-of-pocket medical expenses, Retirement income, Social Security Benefits, women}, url = {https://www.yahoo.com/video/much-retirement-income-youll-paying-161413006.html}, author = {Obel, MIke} } @article {Shieu1052, title = {The interplay between age at menopause, insomnia, and cognitive health: A population-based study (P1-6.001)}, journal = {Neurology}, volume = {98}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Objective: To examine associations between age at menopause, insomnia, and long-term cognitive function among US women. Background: Female sex hormones are postulated to have long-lasting neuroprotective effects. However, the influence of sleep on this association has been insufficiently studied. Design/Methods: We utilized 2008{\textendash}2016 data from the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative cohort of US adults age 50+. In a cohort restricted to women, age at menopause was retrieved from baseline (2008). Prevalence of insomnia in 2010 was identified from self-reported items on trouble falling asleep, nighttime awakenings, early morning awakenings, and use of sleep aids. Cognitive function was assessed biennially using a composite score of immediate and delayed trials of a 10-item word recall test, serial sevens subtraction test, and backwards counting test (range: 0{\textendash}27). Women with normal cognitive function (score 12{\textendash}27) and natural transition to menopause were included. Longitudinal associations between age at menopause and cognitive function were estimated with mixed effects models with a random intercept; subsequent models with interaction terms examined whether insomnia moderated the menopause-cognition associations. Results: Among 4,708 women, 23\% reported early menopause (age<=45). Over eight years, women who transitioned early to menopause had a mean follow-up cognitive score that was nearly three points lower than those who transitioned to menopause after age 45 (p\<.0001). This association was moderated by insomnia, such that women with insomnia had worse cognitive decline. In stratified analyses within ethnoracial groups, Black women who experienced early menopause had the highest rate of cognitive decline (beta=-4.0}, keywords = {Cognitive health, insomnia, Menopause, women}, issn = {0028-3878}, url = {https://n.neurology.org/content/98/18_Supplement/1052}, author = {Shieu, Monica and Braley, Tiffany and Zaheed, Afsara and Perry, Julie and Becker, Jill and Dunietz, Galit} } @article {12555, title = {Married Women Lost Most of Their Retirement Income Edge: Study}, year = {2022}, publisher = {ThinkAdvisor}, keywords = {Marriage, Retirement income, Social Security, women}, url = {https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2022/07/12/married-women-lost-most-of-their-retirement-income-edge-study/}, author = {Bell, Allison} } @article {12620, title = {Self-Employment Linked To Better Heart Health In Women: Study}, year = {2022}, publisher = {International Business Times}, keywords = {BMI, Exercise, heart health, self-employed, women}, url = {https://www.ibtimes.com/self-employment-linked-better-heart-health-women-study-3599510}, author = {Chan, Athena} } @article {https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.050784, title = {Analysis of pleiotropic genetic effects on cognitive decline and systemic inflammation in the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Initiative Memory Study}, journal = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s \& Dementia}, volume = {17}, year = {2021}, pages = {e050784}, abstract = {Background SNPs associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma lipids have been investigated for polygenic overlap with Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease (AD) risk SNPs. Previously, we reported pleiotropic effects between SNPs associated with cognitive impairment (CI) and SNPs associated with systemic inflammation as measured by CRP and plasma lipids in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We sought to replicate our results in the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Method Analysis of SNP pleiotropic effects was completed using data from 6,078 non-Hispanic White women (aged 71.4 [SD 7.4] at baseline) for whom genetic, cognitive, and/or biomarker data were available. We identified CI using WHIMS adjudicated case status (normal vs. mild cognitive impairment or probable dementia). Secondary phenotypes included baseline CRP and plasma lipid levels (HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol [TC]). Genome-wide association analyses were conducted for all phenotypes. A conditional false discovery rate framework defined genetic pleiotropy. Genetic pleiotropy was identified if SNPs were associated with CI conditional on association with secondary phenotypes (CRP, HDL, LDL, TC) at an FDR < 0.05. Functional genomic bioinformatics analysis and comparison with prior findings were conducted. Result Genetic pleiotropy was observed for CI conditional on association with the secondary phenotypes of plasma CRP, HDL, LDL, and TC. These results replicate associations for SNPs in the APOE, APOC1, PVRL2/NECTIN2 loci reported in the prior HRS study for CRP, LDL, TC. The odds ratios for the association of these SNPs with CI ranged from 0.5 to 4.0, consistent with moderate effect sizes for the APOE ε2 or ε4 alleles. For WHIMS, FDR significant results were observed in both directions for several of the traits (CRP, lipids), further supporting evidence of genetic pleiotropy. Moreover, we observed associations for SNPs in the APOE, APOC1, PVRL2/NECTIN2 loci for CI conditional on HDL. Conclusion We identified polygenic overlap between CI and CRP, LDL, HDL, and TC phenotypes in WHIMS, largely replicating prior results in the HRS. The variants and associated genes identified are involved in pathological processes including metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune response and are potentially important for AD risk prediction and development of therapeutic approaches based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms.}, keywords = {Cognitive decline, health, systemic inflammation, women}, doi = {10.1002/alz.050784}, author = {Michael W Lutz and Brown, Mark M. and Kucgibhatla, Maragatha and Brenda L Plassman and Saldana, Santiago and Snively, Beverly M and Chen, Jiu-Chiuan and Henderson, Victor and JoAnn E Manson and Pal, Lubna and Shadyab, Aladdin H. and Rapp, Stephen R. and Kathleen M Hayden} } @article {12064, title = {Cohort Differences and Similarities in Women{\textquoteright}s Attitudes About Self and Aging}, journal = {Innovation in Aging}, volume = {5}, year = {2021}, pages = {56}, abstract = {This panel focuses on four complementing and international views of women{\textquoteright}s aging, with a special emphasis on cohort comparisons and using three different studies of women, with contrasting methodological frameworks. In so doing, we present evidence related to trends in social percepetions of aging, attitudes about aging and identity, and ideas about control and objectification. Dr. Newton presents data on older Canadian women showing the connection between physical aging and identity maintenance, using both qualitative and quantitative data and using the lifecourse perspective. Dr. Ryan, using data from the Health and Retirement Study to compare cohorts of women from the 2008 and 2018 HRS waves, reports cohort differences in negative self-perceptions of aging, and that both cohort and negative self-perfections are associated with life satisfaction, using the life course developmental framework. Ms. Tran compares younger and older cohorts of women on a measure of self-objectification, finding that the older cohort reported lower objectification, consistent with a selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) model. Finally, Dr. Sherman, using the same data set as Ms. Tran, shows that control beliefs are associated with objectification, regardless of cohort, consistent with objectification theory predictions of consistency over time regarding the impact of objectification experiences. Dr. Jamila Bookwala will provide discussion of this group of papers.}, keywords = {Aging, attitudes, self, women}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.211}, author = {Sherman, Aurora and Bookwala, Jamila} } @article {11393, title = {Employment may slow memory decline for women}, journal = {Featured Research}, year = {2021}, publisher = {National Institute on Aging}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {Working in the paid labor workforce may have cognitive benefits later in life for U.S. women. For a study supported in part by NIA, researchers looked at the influence of social, employment, and gender-related factors on memory decline with implications for dementia risk. Their findings, recently published in Neurology, show that women in the workforce during early adulthood and midlife experienced slower rates of memory decline than those who had not worked for pay.}, keywords = {Cognition, Employment, women}, url = {https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/employment-may-slow-memory-decline-women}, author = {National Institute on Aging} } @article {12008, title = {Perceived neighbourhood safety and volunteerism among older adults}, journal = {Ageing \& Society}, volume = {41}, year = {2021}, pages = {2914-2932}, abstract = {Previous research shows the benefits of volunteerism to individuals and communities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lower perceived neighbourhood safety is associated with reduced volunteerism and whether this association differs by sex. Data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study in the United States of America were used (N = 13,009 adults 60 years and older). Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to assess the association between perceived neighbourhood safety and volunteerism while controlling for potential confounders. Perceived neighbourhood safety was associated with volunteering. The odds of volunteering were higher for those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as excellent compared with those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as fair/poor. Those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as very good also had greater odds of volunteering than those rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as fair/poor. Results differed somewhat by gender. Men who perceived their neighbourhood safety as excellent had increased odds of volunteering. The association of neighbourhood safety with volunteerism was significant for women rating their perceived neighbourhood safety as excellent or very good. Among men, being married was associated with increased odds of volunteering; being completely or partly retired was associated with increased odds of volunteering among women. Initiatives aimed at improving older adults{\textquoteright} perceptions of safety would help improve volunteerism, which is beneficial to both older adults and communities.}, keywords = {fear of crime, neighborhood, perceived safety, Volunteer activity, women}, doi = {10.1017/S0144686X20000677}, author = {Grinshteyn, Erin G} } @article {11959, title = {Retiree Poverty Rates Vary Substantially by State}, journal = {Data \& Research}, year = {2021}, publisher = {planadviser}, keywords = {financial stability, Retirement, women}, url = {https://www.planadviser.com/retiree-poverty-rates-vary-substantially-state/}, author = {Shaw, DJ} } @article {WuE361, title = {Sex differences in mortality: results from a population-based study of 12 longitudinal cohorts}, journal = {CMAJ}, volume = {193}, year = {2021}, pages = {E361{\textendash}E370}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Women generally have longer life expectancy than men but have higher levels of disability and morbidity. Few studies have identified factors that explain higher mortality in men. The aim of this study was to identify potential factors contributing to sex differences in mortality at older age and to investigate variation across countries.METHODS: This study included participants age >= 50 yr from 28 countries in 12 cohort studies of the Ageing Trajectories of Health: Longitudinal Opportunities and Synergies (ATHLOS) consortium. Using a 2-step individual participant data meta-analysis framework, we applied Cox proportional hazards modelling to investigate the association between sex and mortality across different countries. We included socioeconomic (education, wealth), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption), social (marital status, living alone) and health factors (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental disorders) as covariates or interaction terms with sex to test whether these factors contributed to the mortality gap between men and women.RESULTS: The study included 179 044 individuals. Men had 60\% higher mortality risk than women after adjustment for age (pooled hazard ratio [HR] 1.6; 95\% confidence interval 1.5{\textendash}1.7), yet the effect sizes varied across countries (I2 = 71.5\%, HR range 1.1{\textendash}2.4). Only smoking and cardiovascular diseases substantially attenuated the effect size (by about 22\%).INTERPRETATION: Lifestyle and health factors may partially account for excess mortality in men compared with women, but residual variation remains unaccounted for. Variation in the effect sizes across countries may indicate contextual factors contributing to gender inequality in specific settings.}, keywords = {CHARLS, ELSA, JSTAR, KLoSA, Men, Mortality, SHARE, women}, issn = {0820-3946}, doi = {10.1503/cmaj.200484}, author = {Wu, Yu-Tzu and Niubo, Albert Sanchez and Daskalopoulou, Christina and Moreno-Agostino, Dario and Stefler, Denes and Bobak, Martin and Oram, Sian and Prince, Martin and Matthew Prina} } @article {RR-A708-1, title = {Societal Impact of Research Funding for Women{\textquoteright}s Health in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Disease - Related Dementias}, number = {RR-A708-1}, year = {2021}, institution = {RAND Corporation}, address = {Santa Monica, CA}, abstract = {Women{\textquoteright}s health has suffered from insufficient research addressing women. The research community has not widely embraced the value of this research, and the impact of limited knowledge about women{\textquoteright}s health relative to men{\textquoteright}s is far-reaching. Without information on the potential return on investment for women{\textquoteright}s health research, research funders, policymakers, and business leaders lack a basis for altering research investments to improve knowledge of women{\textquoteright}s health. As part of an initiative of the Women{\textquoteright}s Health Access Matters (WHAM) nonprofit foundation, RAND Corporation researchers examined the impact of increasing funding for women{\textquoteright}s health, beginning with a focus on Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease{\textendash}related dementias (AD/ADRD), which result in substantial illness burden, health care costs, caregiving burden, and mortality. In this report, the authors present the results of microsimulation models used to explore the potential for enhanced investment in women{\textquoteright}s health research, in terms of the economic well-being of women and for the U.S. population.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Dementia, health, women}, doi = {10.7249/RR-A708-1}, author = {Baird, Matthew D. and Melanie A. Zaber and Andrew W. Dick and Chloe E. Bird and Annie Chen and Molly Waymouth and Grace Gahlon and Denise D. Quigley and Hamad Al Ibrahim and Lori Frank} } @mastersthesis {11172, title = { Assessing the Impact of Retirement Resources on U.S. Older Female Workers{\textquoteright} Retirement Timing: A Theory of Planned Behavior Model }, volume = {Doctor of Philosophy}, year = {2020}, school = {University of Kansas}, address = {Lawrence, KS}, abstract = {Retirement is an important life event for all workers. Most older workers look forward to retirement and having a retirement plan is important for a successful transition. Those who plan also demonstrate a more positive attitude and greater confidence in their retirement. Much previous work on retirement and related policies or programs has focused on male workers. Consequently, social awareness of the problems encountered by older women during retirement remains low. Women have limited retirement resources (Vrdoljak \& Rappaport, 2018) and are more likely to live in poverty than older men. Many older women who lack financial security depend on Social Security benefits. Moreover, the gender gap increases with age and is closely associated with quality of life and health (James, Matz-Costa, \& Smyer, 2016). Unequal work experience and access to fewer retirement resources can postpone older women{\textquoteright}s retirement, leading to a higher retirement age for women. Therefore, I examine the relationship between older women{\textquoteright}s retirement resources and the timing of their retirement. I also examine the relationship between older women{\textquoteright}s marital status and retirement timing. In this study, I investigated these questions with a sample of women aged between 50 and 62 years old who worked either full - or part - time, using data from the RAND Corporation and the University of Michigan Health and Retirement Study (2017). Guided by the theory of planned behavior, multiple regression analysis was used to examine older adults{\textquoteright} expected retirement timing. Factors that might influence this timing included attitudes toward retirement, subjective norms about retirement, and perceived behavioral control (retirement security). My analyses also examined gender differences in predicting retirement timing. Subsequent analyses were conducted with women only, primarily to examine a potential linear relationship between retirement timing and marital status, one of the {\textquotedblleft}background factors{\textquotedblright} in the theory of planned behavior. Additionally, logistic regression analyzed the effects of respondents{\textquoteright} expectations of retirement (i.e., comparing respondents with an expected timing of their retirement with those who did not). The study findings indicated that theory of planned behavior factors are useful for predicting retirement timing. The model works similarly for men and women, but there is a difference according to marital status. Unmarried women are likely to anticipate a later retirement than married women and are less likely to set an expected timing for retirement.}, keywords = {Marital Status, Retirement, women}, url = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/c80fccefd40cb87ad80b58e81d14f9aa/1?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=18750\&diss=y}, author = {Kim, Hansol} } @article {11214, title = {Association of work-family experience with mid- and late-life memory decline in US women.}, journal = {Neurology}, volume = {95}, year = {2020}, pages = {e3072-e3080}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that lifecourse patterns of employment, marriage, and childrearing influence later-life rate of memory decline among women, we examined the relationship of work-family experiences between ages 16 and 50 years and memory decline after age 55 years among U.S. women.

METHODS: Participants were women ages >=55 years in the Health and Retirement Study. Participants reported employment, marital, and parenthood statuses between ages 16 and 50 years. Sequence analysis was used to group women with similar work-family life histories; we identified 5 profiles characterized by similar timing and transitions of combined work, marital, and parenthood statuses. Memory performance was assessed biennially 1995-2016. We estimated associations between work-family profiles and later-life memory decline with linear mixed-effects models adjusted for practice effects, baseline age, race/ethnicity, birth region, childhood socioeconomic status, and educational attainment.

RESULTS: There were 6,189 study participants (n = 488 working non-mothers, n = 4,326 working married mothers, n = 530 working single mothers, n = 319 non-working single mothers, n = 526 non-working married mothers). Mean baseline age was 57.2 years; average follow-up was 12.3 years. Between ages 55 and 60, memory scores were similar across work-family profiles. After age 60, average rate of memory decline was 50\% greater among women whose work-family profiles did not include working for pay post-childbearing, compared with those who were working mothers.

CONCLUSIONS: Women who worked for pay in early adulthood and midlife experienced slower rates of later-life memory decline, regardless of marital and parenthood status, suggesting participation in the paid labor force may protect against later-life memory decline.

}, keywords = {Cognition, women, work-family interference}, issn = {1526-632X}, doi = {10.1212/WNL.0000000000010989}, author = {Elizabeth R Mayeda and Mobley, Taylor M and Weiss, Robert E and Audrey R Murchland and Lisa F Berkman and Erika L. Sabbath} } @mastersthesis {10857, title = {The Effect of Early Social Security Retirement Benefit Receipt on Poverty among Older Women}, volume = {Master}, year = {2020}, school = {Georgetown University}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {This paper estimates the effect of early receipt of Social Security retirement benefits on poverty among older women using data from the RAND version of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Women are particularly vulnerable to poverty in old age due to their longer projected lifespans and often shorter earnings histories and lower retirement benefits compared to men. Women are also more likely than men to provide informal care to aging family members, and widows and divorcees may face additional disadvantages. Building on cumulative disadvantage theory, this paper focuses on older women and considers the interactions of health, caregiving responsibilities, and early Social Security receipt decisions on subsequent incomes relative to poverty 12 to 24 years after entering the HRS survey. I find that older women who received Social Security retirement benefits before reaching their full retirement age have lower household income relative to poverty in the last five of the seven survey years examined. Although there is no significant relationship for the full sample in the first two outcome years examined, I find that older women in certain disadvantaged groups who received benefits early have lower household income relative to poverty. }, keywords = {Caregivers, Social Security Benefits, women}, url = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/94e49da1db6979a6b28fac658b30f996/1?pq-origsite=gscholar\&cbl=18750\&diss=y}, author = {Marisa Paige Reed Shenk} } @article {11166, title = {Journey across a Century of Women}, journal = {The Reporter}, year = {2020}, abstract = {My talk will take us on a Journey across a Century of Women {\textemdash} a 120-year odyssey of generations of college-graduate women from a time when they were only able to have either a family or a career (sometimes a job), to now, when they anticipate having both a family and a career. More women than ever before are within striking distance of these goals.}, keywords = {career, Education, Family, women}, url = {https://www.nber.org/reporter/2020number3/journey-across-century-women}, author = {Goldin, Claudia} } @article {10718, title = {Long-Term Employment Outcomes among Female Cancer Survivors.}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Advances in early detection and treatment have led to a growing population of female cancer survivors, many of whom are of working age. We examined the relationship between cancer and long-term (>5 years) employment outcomes in a nationally representative sample of working-age women in the United States. Data from nine waves of the Health and Retirement Study were used to examine employment status and weekly hours worked among cancer survivors (n = 483) and women without cancer (n = 6605). We used random slope regression models to estimate the impact of cancer and occupation type on employment outcomes. There was no difference in employment status between cancer survivors and women without cancer at baseline; however, during follow-up, cancer survivors were more likely to be employed than women without cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 1.33, 95\% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-1.58). Among 6-10-year survivors, professional workers were less likely (OR = 0.40, 95\% CI: 0.21-0.74) to be employed than manual workers. Among >10-year survivors, professional workers averaged fewer weekly hours worked (-2.4 h, 95\% CI: -4.4--0.47) than manual workers. The impact of cancer on long-term employment outcomes may differ by occupation type. Identifying the occupation-specific mechanisms associated with the return to work will be critical to developing targeted strategies to promote employment in the growing female cancer survivor population.}, keywords = {Cancer, return to work, survivorship, women}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17082751}, author = {Ekenga, C.C. and Kwon, E. and BoRin Kim and Park, S.} } @article {11077, title = {A Measurement Model of Depressive Symptoms among Older, African American Women}, journal = {American International Journal of Social Science }, volume = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {For more than four decades, researchers have found depression to be a common mental illness among the elderly. Depression is a generalized mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and hopelessness, a sense of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest, and decrease in energy level. This definition is reflected in the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The rates of depression among elderly residents of institutions are 67\% higher than among elderly adults residing at home. As in the United States, elderly women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depressive symptoms as elderly men.. Time and again, research has revealed that depression is a significant problem for individuals later in life and may affect their psychological well-being. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2010 wave, a secondary analysis was conducted to examine depression among community-dwelling, African American women, age 50 and over, as it relates to age, social support, religion, caregiving, and physical health. Intersectionality and social construction were used as theoretical frameworks for the study. Findings indicated significant relationships between depression and age, social support, and physical health. However, depression is treatable with pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy or combination of both.The overall purpose of this study was to explore the factors that may predict depression among older African American females, as well as identify gaps in the literature and add to the knowledge base about depression among this population of color, and develop a framework for future studies investigating mental health issues among diverse populations beyond African Americans.}, keywords = {African Americans, depressive symptoms and research, Older Adults, women}, issn = {2325-4149 }, doi = {doi:10.30845/aijss.v9n2p1}, author = {Baldwin-Clark, Tamika and de Carvalho, Jackson} } @mastersthesis {11357, title = {OLDER WOMEN AND DISCRIMINATION AT WORK}, volume = {Master of Arts}, year = {2020}, school = {Indiana University}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, abstract = {Increasing numbers of older people are working past retirement age. However, older women are leaving the work force earlier compared with men, despite having longer life expectancies. Given the economic and health benefits of staying in the labor force in later life, it is important to understand which factors may contribute to older women exiting the labor force. With advancing ages, women may experience increasing work discrimination due to ageism and sexism. Using data from Wave 11 (2012) the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), I examine whether age is a predictor of work discrimination among older women workers. I conducted multivariable linear regression to assess whether age predicts perceived work discrimination among older women workers, net of all covariates. Additionally, an interaction between race and age was investigated to assess whether women of color experienced more work discrimination with advancing ages. I observed that age was negatively associated with work discrimination. Findings suggest that experiences with work discrimination may push older women out the labor force prematurely. Older women may desire to escape discriminatory work environments with less favorable conditions.}, keywords = {Discrimination, women, work force}, url = {https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/24747/Revised\%20Swapnali\%20Chavan\%20-IUPUI\%20Thesis\%20Final\%2012.4.20.pdf?sequence=3\&isAllowed=y}, author = {Swapnali Chavan} } @article {11066, title = {Older Women Report Facing a Financially Uncertain Future }, number = {GAO-20-435}, year = {2020}, institution = {United States Government Accountability Office}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {In all 14 focus groups GAO held with older women, women described some level of anxiety about financial security in retirement. Many expressed concerns about the future of Social Security and Medicare benefits, and the costs of health care and housing. Women in the groups also cited a range of experiences that hindered their retirement security, such as divorce or leaving the workforce before they planned to (see fig.). Women in all 14 focus groups said their lack of personal finance education negatively affected their ability to plan for retirement. Many shared ideas about personal finance education including the view that it should be incorporated into school curriculum starting in kindergarten and continuing through college, and should be available through all phases of life. }, keywords = {Financial security, Retirement, women}, url = {https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/708121.pdf} } @article {12253, title = {Retirement Security: Older Women Report Facing a Financially Uncertain Future}, year = {2020}, institution = {U.S. Government Accountability Office}, abstract = {In all 14 focus groups GAO held with older women, women described some level of anxiety about financial security in retirement. Many expressed concerns about the future of Social Security and Medicare benefits, and the costs of health care and housing. Women in the groups also cited a range of experiences that hindered their retirement security, such as divorce or leaving the workforce before they planned to (see fig.). Women in all 14 focus groups said their lack of personal finance education negatively affected their ability to plan for retirement. Many shared ideas about personal finance education including the view that it should be incorporated into school curriculum starting in kindergarten and continuing through college, and should be available through all phases of life.}, keywords = {gender, Gender Differences, gender issues, Retirement, retirement security, women}, url = {https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-435}, author = {Charles Jeszeck} } @article {10765, title = {Still shortchanged: An update on women{\textquoteright}s retirement preparedness}, year = {2020}, institution = {National Institute on Retirement Security }, address = {Washington, D.C.}, abstract = {Most Americans struggle to adequately save for retirement, but women face unique challenges in saving, largely stemming from a gender pay gap that persists into a retirement wealth gap. This update of previous research from the National Institute on Retirement Security (NIRS) takes a fresh look at the data on women{\textquoteright}s retirement preparedness. Relying on data from the 2014 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), this research finds that older women receive approximately 80 percent of the retirement income that older men receive - nearly identical to the gender pay gap for American women. The data also reveals that different groups of women have very different retirement experiences, with older women in a first marriage faring better than the rest, and widows, especially those age 80 and older, seeing a marked decline in income. The report{\textquoteright}s key findings are as follows: {\textbullet} In 2016, women age 65 and older had a median household retirement income of $47,244 or 83 percent of median household income for men ($57,144). {\textbullet} Women earn less than men over the course of their career. Men with savings in a defined contribution (DC) plan far surpass the earnings trajectory of women with savings in a DC plan, and earn significantly more than women without DC savings. {\textbullet} Women experience a steep decline in income past age 80. Women age 80 and older are much more likely to be widows and widowhood presents challenges on both the income and cost side of retirement. {\textbullet} There are stark differences in the sources of income for women in the top and bottom income quintiles. Women with less than $20,000 of income in retirement are much more dependent on Social Security income, whereas women with income above $80,000 receive much more from earnings and property income. {\textbullet} Divorce presents a complex set of issues relating to retirement preparedness. The timing of divorce seems to matter, as does the division of assets following a divorce. {\textbullet} Caregiving, especially spousal caregiving, has a strong effect on retirement preparedness, and this particularly impacts women as they remain much more likely to provide caregiving than men.}, keywords = {Caregiving, Divorce, Retirement Planning, women}, url = {https://www.nirsonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Still-Shortchanged-Final.pdf}, author = {Bond, Tyler and Saad-Lessler, Joelle and Christian Weller} } @article {10764, title = {Women Have Less Secure Retirement, Following Lives Filled With Discrimination And Risks}, journal = {Forbes}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Women face a vastly more insecure retirement than men, a new report co-authored by Joelle Saad-Lessler, Tyler Bond and myself shows. They have fewer opportunities to save for retirement during their careers. They earn lower wages in part because of discrimination, structural barriers and more economic risks, especially from divorce and caregiving, during their working lives. They then enter retirement with fewer savings, while still facing added economic risks such as longer life expectancies.}, keywords = {Caregiving, Retirement, women}, url = {https://www.forbes.com/sites/christianweller/2020/05/20/women-have-less-secure-retirement-following-lives-filled-with-discrimination-and-risks/$\#$5ac9312160c5}, author = {Christian Weller} } @article {10227, title = {Are Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits Holding Back Female Labor Supply?}, journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series}, volume = {No. 26097}, year = {2019}, note = {Author contact info:Margherita BorellaUniversit{\`a} di TorinoDipartimento di Scienze Economico-Socialie Matematico-StatisticheTorino, ItalyE-Mail: margherita.borella@unito.itMariacristina De NardiFederal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis90 Hennepin AveMinneapolis, MN 55401E-Mail: denardim@nber.orgFang YangLouisiana State UniversityDepartment of Economics, 2317Business Education Complex,Nicholson ExtensionBaton Rouge, LA 70803Tel: 225-578-3803E-Mail: fyang@lsu.edu}, month = {2019}, abstract = {In the U.S., both taxes and old age Social Security benefits depend on one{\textquoteright}s marital status and tend to discourage the labor supply of the secondary earner. To what extent are these provisions holding back female labor supply? We estimate a rich life-cycle model of labor supply and savings for couples and singles using the Method of Simulated Moments (MSM) on the 1945 and 1955 birth-year cohorts and we use it to evaluate what would happen without these provisions. Our model matches well the life cycle profiles of labor market participation, hours, and savings for married and single people and generates plausible elasticities of labor supply. Eliminating marriage-related provisions drastically increases the participation of married women over their entire life cycle, reduces the participation of married men after age 55, and increases the savings of couples in both cohorts, including the later one, which has similar participation to that of more recent generations. If the resulting government surplus were used to lower income taxation, there would be large welfare gains for the vast majority of the population.}, keywords = {Labor Supply, Marriage, Social Security Benefits, Taxes, women}, doi = {10.3386/w26097}, url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w26097}, author = {Borella, Margherita and Mariacristina De Nardi and Yang, Fang} } @article {10226, title = {Having a paying job may help fend off Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease in women}, volume = {2019}, number = {10/2019}, year = {2019}, publisher = {The Seattle Times}, type = {News}, address = {Seattle, United States}, abstract = {A new study has shed light on a possible risk factor for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease in women: not having a job. Dr. Elizabeth R. Mayeda, assistant professor of epidemiology at UCLA{\textquoteright}s Fielding School of Public Health, conducted a study on later-life cognitive health in women and found that working women showed a slower decrease in memory than their nonworking counterparts. Mayeda and her team presented their findings at the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association International Conference recently in Los Angeles. The study was in collaboration with researchers at the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, the University of California, San Francisco and Boston College. Using data from the National Institute on Aging{\textquoteright}s Health and Retirement Study, Mayeda examined the memory function patterns of more than 6,000 women born between 1935 and 1956. Women reported each year between the ages of 16 and 50 whether they were working for pay or had children, and were grouped by their work and family patterns to examine changes in memory for women over age 50.}, keywords = {Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s, class, women}, url = {https://www.seattletimes.com/explore/careers/having-a-paying-job-may-help-fend-off-alzheimers-disease-in-women/}, author = {Elizabeth R Mayeda} } @conference {10800, title = {The long-term effect of birth control and abortion laws (1960-1979) on women{\textquoteright}s health at old age: Evidence from the US Health and Retirement Study}, booktitle = {2014 Population Association of America (PAA)}, year = {2017}, address = {Boston, Massachusetts}, abstract = {The oral contraceptive pill, approved by the Food and Drug Administration for contraceptive use in 1960 (Knowles, 2012), has been hypothesized as a major factor explaining the large increase in labor force participation, reduced fertility, and delayed marriage among young women during the second half of the twentieth century. An important, yet untested, hypothesis is that by transforming young women{\textquoteright}s life trajectories, contraception laws may also have had unexpected consequences on women{\textquoteright}s long-term health trajectories. In addition, recent evidence (Knowles, 2013), suggests that abortion laws were also essential in transforming women{\textquoteright}s labor market, marriage, and fertility outcomes. Laws enabling access to the pill often coincided with laws enabling access to contraception. Therefore, a framework that assesses the complete policy environment is essential in understanding the impact of contraception and abortion laws on women{\textquoteright}s outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies examining whether the combination of contraception and abortion laws that transformed women{\textquoteright}s life trajectories during the second half of the 20th century had any long-term, permanent effects on women{\textquoteright}s health. }, keywords = {abortion law, birth control, contraceptives, gender, women, Women\&$\#$039;s Health}, url = {http://www.healthandsocietyscholars.org/1866/346164/440484}, author = {Amy Ehntholt and Erika L. Sabbath and Lisa F Berkman and Mauricio Avendano} } @inbook {NBERc13800, title = {Women Working Longer: Labor Market Implications of Providing Family Care}, booktitle = {Women Working Longer: Increased Employment at Older Ages}, year = {2017}, pages = {157-181}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, abstract = {Women have been working longer for a long time in US history. Their labor market participation increased decade after decade during the twentieth century, as more women were drawn into the labor force. But that is an old story. The new story is that a large portion of women are working a lot longer into their sixties and even their seventies. Their increased participation at older ages started in the late 1980s before the turnaround in older men{\textquoteright}s labor force participation and before the economic downturns of the first decade of the twenty- first century.}, keywords = {family and work, Labor force participation, women}, url = {http://www.nber.org/chapters/c13800}, author = {Sean Fahle and Kathleen McGarry} } @article {NBERw22698, title = {Teaching, Teachers Pensions and Retirement across Recent Cohorts of College Graduate Women}, year = {2016}, institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research}, abstract = {Labor force participation rates of college-educated women ages 60 to 64 increased by 20 percent (10 percentage points) between 2000 and 2010. One potential explanation for this change stems from the fact that fewer college-educated women in the more recent cohorts were ever teachers. This occupational shift could affect the length of women{\textquoteright}s careers because teaching is a profession where workers are covered by defined benefit pensions and, generally, defined benefit pensions allow workers to retire earlier than Social Security. I provide evidence supporting the hypothesis and show that older college-educated women who worked as teachers do not experience increases in labor force participation as large as their counterparts who never taught.}, keywords = {Pension, Teacher Pensions, women}, doi = {10.3386/w22698}, url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w22698}, author = {Maria D Fitzpatrick} } @article {11510, title = {Retirement Security: Older Women Remain at Risk}, year = {2012}, publisher = {U.S. Government Accountability Office}, abstract = {Over the last decade, working women{\textquoteright}s access to and participation in employer-sponsored retirement plans have improved relative to men. In fact, from 1998 to 2009, women surpassed men in their likelihood of working for an employer that offered a pension plan{\textemdash}largely because the proportion of men covered by a plan declined. Furthermore, as employers have continued to terminate their defined benefit plans and switch to defined contribution plans, the proportion of women who worked for employers that offered a defined contribution plan increased. Women{\textquoteright}s higher rates of pension coverage may be due to the fact that they are more likely to work in the public and nonprofit sectors and industries that offer coverage, such as health and education.}, keywords = {retirement security, women}, url = {https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-12-825t}, author = {U.S. Government Accountability Office} } @article {7447, title = {Postretirement earnings relative to preretirement earnings: gender and racial differences.}, journal = {J Gerontol Soc Work}, volume = {47}, year = {2006}, note = {Using Smart Source Parsing pp. May Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA}, month = {2006}, pages = {63-82}, publisher = {32}, abstract = {

As the social security program comes under increasing financial pressure in the coming decades, the federal government will encourage elderly people to continue to work. Data from the Social Security Administration indicate that earnings are already a sizable component of retirement income. But there is public concern about how women and minorities will fare economically in this changing policy environment. To what extent can women and minorities keep earning money after they reach retirement age? This article presents the results of a study that investigated the postretirement earnings, relative to the preretirement earnings, of women and minorities, and compared the results with those for men and whites. The major finding, based on regression analyses, was that women{\textquoteright}s postretirement earnings, relative to their preretirement earnings, were greater than those of men. Furthermore, the regression results indicate that nonwhites{\textquoteright} postretirement earnings could not be predicted by their preretirement earnings or by any of the independent variables used in the study, including age, gender, education, marital status, number of children, occupation, and preretirement earnings.

}, keywords = {Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Data collection, Employment, Female, Humans, Income, Male, Men, Minority Groups, Pensions, Retirement, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Sex Factors, Social Security, Time Factors, United States, White People, women}, issn = {0163-4372}, doi = {10.1300/J083v47n03_05}, author = {Martha N. Ozawa and Hong, Baeg-Eui} } @article {6638, title = {Racial differences in the multiple social roles of older women: implications for depressive symptoms.}, journal = {Gerontologist}, volume = {39}, year = {1999}, month = {1999 Aug}, pages = {465-72}, publisher = {39}, abstract = {

The relationship between multiple role participation and depressive symptoms experienced by African American (n = 547) and White (n = 2,152) women aged 55-61 was explored. Data were obtained from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Racial differences in the social roles of marriage, employment, grandmother, care provider, and volunteer and their influence on level of depressive symptoms were examined. African Americans reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than Whites. Additionally, marriage, employment, and total number of social roles were the most powerful predictors of depressive symptoms for both African American and White women. However, employment was more important in diminishing depressive symptoms among African American than White women occupying multiple social roles.

}, keywords = {Analysis of Variance, Black or African American, Chi-Square Distribution, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, depression, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Self Concept, Social Environment, Social Support, White People, women}, issn = {0016-9013}, doi = {10.1093/geront/39.4.465}, author = {Cochran, Donna and Brown, Diane R. and McGregor, Karl C.} }