@article { WOS:001077072900001,
	title = {Latent Cumulative Disadvantage: US Immigrants{\textquoteright} Reversed Economic Assimilation in Later Life},
	journal = {SOCIAL FORCES},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {One of the most salient findings in research on immigration has been that immigrants experience substantial economic mobility as they accumulate more years in the host-society labor force and eventually approach earnings parity with their native-born counterparts. However, we do not know whether this progress is sustained in retirement. In this paper, I develop a framework of Latent Cumulative (Dis)advantage and hypothesize that even as immigrants are approaching parity with the native-born in terms of current earnings, they accumulate disadvantages in lifetime earnings, job benefits, and retirement planning that eventually lead them to have growing disadvantages in income in later life. Drawing on decades of longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study, I find that while foreign- and native-born men in the United States both experience a decline in income after age 50, the decline is much more substantial among foreign-born men. As a result, immigrant men{\textquoteright}s economic assimilation is reversed in later life. I find evidence that this phenomenon is driven mainly by immigrants{\textquoteright} lower lifetime earnings and cumulative exposure to worse job benefits. Given that the foreign-born elderly population in the United States is projected to quadruple by 2050, findings from this paper have important implications for long-term policy planning.},
	keywords = {Aging and the life course, cumulative (dis)advantage, immigrant integration, Retirement income},
	issn = {0037-7732},
	doi = {10.1093/sf/soad100},
	author = {Ye, Leafia Z.}
}
@article {12587,
	title = {How Much Retirement Income You{\textquoteright}ll Have After Paying Medical Expenses},
	year = {2022},
	publisher = {smartasset},
	keywords = {Out-of-pocket medical expenses, Retirement income, Social Security Benefits, women},
	url = {https://www.yahoo.com/video/much-retirement-income-youll-paying-161413006.html},
	author = {Obel, MIke}
}
@article {12555,
	title = {Married Women Lost Most of Their Retirement Income Edge: Study},
	year = {2022},
	publisher = {ThinkAdvisor},
	keywords = {Marriage, Retirement income, Social Security, women},
	url = {https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2022/07/12/married-women-lost-most-of-their-retirement-income-edge-study/},
	author = {Bell, Allison}
}
@article {11716,
	title = {Guaranteed Income: A License to Spend},
	journal = {SSRN},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {Prior research finds that retirees don{\textquoteright}t spend nearly as much as they could from their investments. Economic theory provides both rational and behavioral explanations for under-spending among retirees with high non-annuitized wealth. Longevity risk will result in lower spending among rational, risk-averse retirees. Retirees may also exhibit behavioral preferences that make them far more comfortable spending from income than assets. We explore how the composition of retirement assets is related to retirement spending and find that retirees who hold a higher percentage of their wealth in guaranteed income spend more than retirees whose wealth consists primarily of non-annuitized assets. Marginal estimates suggest that investment assets generate about half of the amount of additional spending as an equal amount of wealth held in guaranteed income. In other words, retirees will spend twice as much each year in retirement if they shift investment assets into guaranteed income wealth. The size of the effect suggests that the explanation for under-spending non-annuitized savings is likely both a behavioral and a rational response to longevity risk.},
	keywords = {annuities, Personal finance, Retirement income, Social Security},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3875802},
	author = {David Blanchett and Michael S. Finke}
}
@article {10972,
	title = {The Illusory Benefit of Working Longer on Financial Preparedness for Retirement},
	number = {2},
	year = {2020},
	institution = {The New School for Social Research},
	address = {New York City},
	abstract = {Older workers with insufficient savings are advised to delay retirement. Using Health and
Retirement Study data, we compare outcomes of those who delay retirement, a possibly
select group, with the predictions of a typical spreadsheet model. Work to age 70 is
associated with an 18 percentage-point increase in the share financially prepared for
retirement, compared with a predicted 46 percentage points because most older workers
claim Social Security and retirement wealth barely increases. Drawing down retirement
wealth while working makes sense for most, because earnings are lower than post-retirement
income, in part because many older workers voluntarily work part time. },
	keywords = {older worker labor supply, Retirement income, Social Security claiming},
	url = {https://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/images/docs/research/retirement_security/The_Illusory_Benefits_of_Working_Longer_Working_Paper_2020.pdf},
	author = {Teresa Ghilarducci and Papadopoulos, Michael and Anthony Webb}
}
@article {10230,
	title = {The Course of Income Inequality as a Cohort Ages into Old-Age},
	journal = {The Journal of Economic Inequality},
	year = {2019},
	month = {08/2019},
	pages = {1-20},
	abstract = {Several researchers have shown that income inequality of a cohort increases as the cohort ages. The various studies examining cohort income inequality use a variety of data, measures, and methods. Is the U.S. experience documented in other studies due (1) to cumulative advantages and disadvantages continuing to work through market income into retirement, (2) to the relative weakness of the U.S. Social Security program, or (3) to potential biases due to data, measures and/or methods? This study examines cohort income inequality using nationally representative longitudinal data and a variety of inequality measures to follow a large sample of individuals from their late pre-retirement years into their retirement years. The findings are: (1) the course of the Gini coefficient is flat as the cohort ages into retirement, (2) but the course of income inequality as this cohort ages into retirement depends on the inequality measure employed, and (3) the trend results suggest that what is going on in the bottom part of the distribution is different from what is going on in the upper part.},
	keywords = {Aging, Capital income, Earnings, Income inequality, Retirement income, Social Security},
	isbn = {1573-8701},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-019-09427-5},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10888-019-09427-5},
	author = {Hungerford, Thomas L.}
}
