@article {8895,
	title = {Death of family members as an overlooked source of racial disadvantage in the United States.},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	volume = {114},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017 Jan 31},
	pages = {915-920},
	abstract = {<p>Long-standing racial differences in US life expectancy suggest that black Americans would be exposed to significantly more family member deaths than white Americans from childhood through adulthood, which, given the health risks posed by grief and bereavement, would add to the disadvantages that they face. We analyze nationally representative US data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (n = 7,617) and the Health and Retirement Study (n = 34,757) to estimate racial differences in exposure to the death of family members at different ages, beginning in childhood. Results indicate that blacks are significantly more likely than whites to have experienced the death of a mother, a father, and a sibling from childhood through midlife. From young adulthood through later life, blacks are also more likely than whites to have experienced the death of a child and of a spouse. These results reveal an underappreciated layer of racial inequality in the United States, one that could contribute to the intergenerational transmission of health disadvantage. By calling attention to this heightened vulnerability of black Americans, our findings underscore the need to address the potential impact of more frequent and earlier exposure to family member deaths in the process of cumulative disadvantage.</p>},
	keywords = {Bereavement, Death \& Dying, Disadvantage, Loss, Older Adults, Racial/ethnic differences},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1605599114},
	author = {Debra Umberson and Olson, Julie Skalamera and Crosnoe, Robert and Hui Liu and Tetyana Pudrovska and Rachel Donnelly}
}
@inbook {5243,
	title = {Data sources, Later Life: Health and Retirement Study (HRS)},
	booktitle = {Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Gale},
	organization = {Gale},
	address = {Farmington Hills, MI},
	abstract = {This reference is an entry in Volume 3 of the Encyclopedia of the Life Course and Human Development; it discusses the Health and Retirement Study as a data source for research on the Later Life stage of the life course.},
	keywords = {Methodology},
	isbn = {978-0-02-866162-9},
	author = {Mary Beth Ofstedal},
	editor = {Deborah Carr and Crosnoe, Robert and Mary Elizabeth Hughes and Pienta, Amy M.}
}
