@article {9489,
	title = {Depression Associated With Transitions Into and Out of Spousal Caregiving},
	journal = {The International Journal of Aging and Human Development},
	volume = {88},
	year = {2019},
	type = {Journal},
	abstract = {This study investigates depressive symptoms among spousal caregivers in three groups: those who become caregivers, those who continue care, and those who exit caregiving, compared with those who remain non-caregivers. We also examine depressive symptoms among widowed caregivers by length of bereavement. We use four waves of the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012), for a total of 43,262 observations. Findings show elevated levels of depressive symptoms for new caregivers, continuing caregivers, and exit caregivers. Among exit caregivers, symptoms were elevated when measured in the first 15 months after the spouse{\textquoteright}s death but declined thereafter. These findings add to the evidence that spousal caregiving carries a risk for depression, and symptoms are likely to peak near the end of the caregiving episode. These results underscore the need to provide support to newly widowed individuals.},
	keywords = {Caregiving, Couples, Depressive symptoms, Transitions},
	issn = {0091-4150},
	doi = {10.1177/0091415018754310},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0091415018754310},
	author = {Jay S Kaufman and Lee, Yeonjung and Vaughon, Wendy and Unuigbe, Aig and William T Gallo}
}
@article {9414,
	title = {Differential Changes in Health Measures by Caregiving Status: Hierarchical Models},
	journal = {Work, Aging and Retirement},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {393-402},
	abstract = {The purpose of this study is to compare the health trajectories/trends of caregivers and non-caregivers before and after the caregivers begin to provide informal services. In this case we focus on caregiving services provided to parents/parents-in-law. The study uses a sample of N = 19,943 observations (drawn from 1,813 unique individuals) observed over 11 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Using Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) Methods, the trajectories of health outcomes for caregivers are compared to those of non-caregivers. We examined trajectories related to general health, measures of mobility, motor skills, cognition and measures of depression. We control for education, wealth, occupation, gender, marital status, and race. For caregivers, there is a 0.027 (0.014 per year) increase in the mobility difficulty index and a 0.020 (0.010 per year) increase in large muscle movement difficulty index for every year after the commencement of caregiving, compared to non-caregivers. There is also a significant 0.7 percentage point increase in the probability of reporting a stroke and a 0.118 (0.059 per year) drop in the cognition summary score for each additional year after the start of caregiving. These findings provide evidence of the adverse health effects of caregiving on its providers, particularly with regard to the physical and mental well-being of caregivers.},
	keywords = {Caregiving, Health Trajectories},
	issn = {2054-4642},
	doi = {10.1093/workar/wax005},
	url = {http://academic.oup.com/workar/article/3/4/393/3101301/Differential-Changes-in-Health-Measures-byhttp://academic.oup.com/workar/article-pdf/3/4/393/19644858/wax005.pdf},
	author = {Unuigbe, Aig and Lee, Yeonjung and Vaughon, Wendy and Jennifer Kaufman and William T Gallo}
}
