@article {12735, title = {The Role of Incarceration as a Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment.}, journal = {The Journals of Gerontology, Series B }, volume = {77}, year = {2022}, pages = {e247-e262}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to understand disparities in cognitive impairment between middle aged formerly incarcerated (FI) and nonincarcerated (NI) individuals.

METHODS: The 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth is a nationally representative longitudinal dataset containing information on incarceration, cognitive functioning, and other health conditions. Using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m), adapted from the Health and Retirement Study, we analyzed the association between incarceration and cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment-not dementia, and dementia. Multivariable regression models were estimated including prior incarceration status and covariates associated with incarceration and cognitive functioning.

RESULTS: FI individuals had lower unadjusted scores on TICS-m (-2.5, p<.001), and had significantly greater unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for scoring in the cognitive impairment (OR=2.4, p<.001) and dementia (OR=2.7, p<.001) range. Differences were largely explained by a combination of risk factors associated with incarceration and cognition. Education and premorbid cognition (measured by Armed Forces Qualifying Test) separately and completely explained differences in the odds of dementia. Regardless of incarceration status, Blacks and Hispanics had significantly greater odds of cognitive impairment and dementia relative to Whites, holding other factors constant.

DISCUSSION: The association between prior incarceration and cognitive impairment in middle age was largely explained by differences in educational attainment and premorbid cognitive functioning, supporting the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Greater prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia among the FI could create challenges and should be considered in reentry planning. Structural and institutional factors should be considered when addressing health disparities in ADRD.

}, keywords = {cognitive impairment, Cognitive Reserve, formerly incarcerated, Health Disparities, reentry}, issn = {1758-5368}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/gbac138}, author = {Cox, Robynn J A and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7676, title = {Restless legs syndrome and functional limitations among American elders in the Health and Retirement Study.}, journal = {BMC Geriatr}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Jul 26}, pages = {39}, publisher = {12}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common condition associated with decreased quality of life in older adults. This study estimates the prevalence, risk factors, and functional correlates of among U.S. elders.

METHODS: Subjects (n = 1,008) were sub-sampled from the 2002 cross-sectional interview survey of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative study of U.S. elders. Symptoms and sleep disturbances consistent with RLS were identified. Activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and limitations for mobility, large muscle groups, gross and fine motor function were measured using standardized questions. Incident functional limitations were detected over six years of observation.

RESULTS: The prevalence of RLS among U.S. elders born before 1947 was 10.6\%. Factors associated with increased prevalence RLS at baseline included: overweight body mass index (multivariate adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.77; 95\% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-2.99); mild-to-moderate pain (2.67, 1.47-4.84) or pain inferring with activity (3.44, 2.00-5.93); three or more chronic medications (2.54, 1.26-5.12), highest quartile of out-of-pocket medical expenses (2.12, 1.17-3.86), frequent falls (2.63, 1.49-4.66), health limiting ability to work (2.91, 1.75-4.85), or problems with early waking or frequent wakening (1.69, 1.09-2.62 and 1.55, 1.00-2.41, respectively). Current alcohol consumption (0.59, 0.37-0.92) and frequent healthcare provider visits (0.49, 0.27-0.90) were associated with decreased RLS prevalence. RLS did not predict incident disability for aggregate measures but was associated with increased risk for specific limitations, including: difficulty climbing several stair flights (multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio = 2.38, 95\% CI 1.39-4.06), prolonged sitting (2.17, 1.25-3.75), rising from a chair (2.54, 1.62-3.99), stooping (2.66, 1.71-4.15), moving heavy objects (1.79, 1.08-2.99), carrying ten pounds (1.61, 1.05-2.97), raising arms (1.76, 1.05-2.97), or picking up a dime (1.97, 1.12-3.46).

CONCLUSIONS: RLS sufferers are more likely to have functional disability, even after adjusting for health status and pain syndrome correlates.

}, keywords = {Activities of Daily Living, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Mass Index, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disabled Persons, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Restless Legs Syndrome, Risk Factors, United States}, issn = {1471-2318}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2318-12-39}, author = {Dominic J Cirillo and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7566, title = {Reducing case ascertainment costs in U.S. population studies of Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, dementia, and cognitive impairment-Part 1.}, journal = {Alzheimers Dement}, volume = {7}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jan}, pages = {94-109}, publisher = {7}, abstract = {

Establishing methods for ascertainment of dementia and cognitive impairment that are accurate and also cost-effective is a challenging enterprise. Large population-based studies often using administrative data sets offer relatively inexpensive and reliable estimates of severe conditions including moderate to advanced dementia that are useful for public health planning, but they can miss less severe cognitive impairment which may be the most effective point for intervention. Clinical and epidemiological cohorts, intensively assessed, provide more sensitive detection of less severe cognitive impairment but are often costly. In this article, several approaches to ascertainment are evaluated for validity, reliability, and cost. In particular, the methods of ascertainment from the Health and Retirement Study are described briefly, along with those of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS). ADAMS, a resource-intense sub-study of the Health and Retirement Study, was designed to provide diagnostic accuracy among persons with more advanced dementia. A proposal to streamline future ADAMS assessments is offered. Also considered are algorithmic and Web-based approaches to diagnosis that can reduce the expense of clinical expertise and, in some contexts, can reduce the extent of data collection. These approaches are intended for intensively assessed epidemiological cohorts where goal is valid and reliable case detection with efficient and cost-effective tools.

}, keywords = {Aging, Algorithms, Alzheimer disease, Cognition Disorders, Community Health Planning, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Dementia, Health Surveys, Humans, Internet, Reproducibility of Results, United States}, issn = {1552-5279}, doi = {10.1016/j.jalz.2010.11.004}, url = {http://mgetit.lib.umich.edu/sfx_local?ctx_enc=info 3Aofi 2Fenc 3AUTF-8;ctx_id=10_1;ctx_tim=2011-03-28T16 3A26 3A0EDT;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004;rfr_id=info 3Asid 2Fsfxit.com 3Acitation;rft.genre=article;rft_id=info 3Apmid 2F21255747;rft_val_fmt=info 3Aofi 2Ffmt }, author = {David R Weir and Robert B Wallace and Kenneth M. Langa and Brenda L Plassman and Robert S Wilson and David A Bennett and Duara, Ranjan and Loewenstein, David and Ganguli, Mary and Sano, Mary} } @article {7405, title = {Recent hospitalization and the risk of hip fracture among older Americans.}, journal = {J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci}, volume = {64}, year = {2009}, month = {2009 Feb}, pages = {249-55}, publisher = {64}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: We identified hip fracture risks in a prospective national study.

METHODS: Baseline (1993-1994) interview data were linked to Medicare claims for 1993-2005. Participants were 5,511 self-respondents aged 70 years and older and not in managed Medicare. ICD9-CM 820.xx (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition, Clinical Modification) codes identified hip fracture. Participants were censored at death or enrollment into managed Medicare. Static risk factors included sociodemographic, socioeconomic, place of residence, health behavior, disease history, and functional and cognitive status measures. A time-dependent marker reflecting postbaseline hospitalizations was included.

RESULTS: A total of 495 (8.9\%) participants suffered a postbaseline hip fracture. In the static proportional hazards model, the greatest risks involved age (adjusted hazard ratios [AHRs] of 2.01, 2.82, and 4.91 for 75-79, 80-84, and > or =85 year age groups vs those aged 70-74 years; p values <.001), sex (AHR = 0.45 for men vs women; p < .001), race (AHRs of 0.37 and 0.46 for African Americans and Hispanics vs whites; p values <.001 and <.01), body mass (AHRs of 0.40, 0.77, and 1.73 for obese, overweight, and underweight vs normal weight; p values <.001, <.05, and <.01), smoking status (AHRs = 1.49 and 1.52 for current and former smokers vs nonsmokers; p values <.05 and <.001), and diabetes (AHR = 1.99; p < .001). The time-dependent recent hospitalization marker did not alter the static model effect estimates, but it did substantially increase the risk of hip fracture (AHR = 2.51; p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced discharge planning and home care for non-hip fracture hospitalizations could reduce subsequent hip fracture rates.

}, keywords = {Accidental Falls, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cohort Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Geriatric Assessment, Hip Fractures, Hospitalization, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Probability, Proportional Hazards Models, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Survival Analysis, United States}, issn = {1758-535X}, doi = {10.1093/gerona/gln027}, author = {Frederic D Wolinsky and Suzanne E Bentler and Li Liu and Maksym Obrizan and Elizabeth A Cook and Kara B Wright and John F Geweke and Elizabeth A Chrischilles and Claire E Pavlik and Robert L. Ohsfeldt and Michael P Jones and Kelly K Richardson and Gary E Rosenthal and Robert B Wallace} } @article {7243, title = {Racial disparities in receipt of hip and knee joint replacements are not explained by need: the Health and Retirement Study 1998-2004.}, journal = {J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci}, volume = {63}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 Jun}, pages = {629-34}, publisher = {63A}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Hip and knee joint replacement rates vary by demographic group. This article describes the epidemiology of need for joint replacement, and of subsequent receipt of a joint replacement by those in need.

METHODS: Data from the Health and Retirement Study were used to assess need for hip or knee joint replacement in a total of 14,807 adults aged 60 years or older in 1998, 2000, and 2002 and receipt of needed surgery 2 years later. "Need" classification was based on difficulty walking, joint pain, stiffness, or swelling and receipt of treatment for arthritis, without contraindications to surgery.

RESULTS: Need in 2002 was greater in participants who were older than 74 years (vs 60-64: adjusted odds ratio 2.06; 95\% confidence interval, 1.68-2.53), women (vs men: 1.81; 1.53-2.14), less educated (vs college educated: 1.27; 1.06-1.52), in the poorest third (vs richest: 2.20; 1.78-2.72), or obese (vs nonobese: 2.39; 2.02-2.81). One hundred sixty-eight participants in need received a joint replacement, with lower receipt in black or African American participants (vs white: 0.47; 0.26-0.83) or less educated (vs college educated: 0.65; 0.44-0.96). These differences were not explained by current employment, access to medical care, family responsibilities, disability, living alone, comorbidity, or exclusion of those younger than Medicare eligibility age.

CONCLUSIONS: After taking variations in need into consideration, being black or African American or lacking a college education appears to be a barrier to receiving surgery, whereas age, sex, relative poverty, and obesity do not. These disparities maintain disproportionately high levels of pain and disability in disadvantaged groups.

}, keywords = {Aged, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip, Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee, Black or African American, Educational Status, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, United States}, issn = {1079-5006}, doi = {10.1093/gerona/63.6.629}, author = {Steel, Nicholas and Clark, Allan and Iain A Lang and Robert B Wallace and David Melzer} } @article {7239, title = {Retirement and weight changes among men and women in the health and retirement study.}, journal = {J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci}, volume = {63}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 May}, pages = {S146-53}, publisher = {63B}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: Older adults may experience weight changes upon retirement for a number of reasons, such as being less physically active; having less structured meal times; and consuming food in response to losing personal identity, the potential for social interactions, or the sense of accomplishment derived from working. The purpose of this study was to determine whether retirement was associated with either weight gain or weight loss.

METHODS: We used the 1994-2002 Health and Retirement Study to determine whether retirement between biennial interviews was associated with weight change, separately for men (n = 1,966) and women (n = 1,759). We defined weight change as a 5\% increase or decrease in body mass index between interviews.

RESULT: . We did not find a significant association between retirement and weight change among men. Women who retired were more likely to gain weight than women who continued to work at least 20 hr per week (odds ratio [OR] = 1.24, 95\% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04-1.48). We found a significant relationship between retirement and weight gain only for women who were normal weight upon retiring (OR = 1.30, 95\% CI = 1.01-1.69) and who retired from blue-collar jobs (OR = 1.58, 95\% CI = 1.13-2.21).

DISCUSSION: Public health interventions may be indicated for women, particularly those working in blue-collar occupations, in order to prevent weight gain upon retirement.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aging, Body Mass Index, Body Weight, Demography, depression, Female, Health Behavior, Health Status, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Retirement}, issn = {1079-5014}, doi = {10.1093/geronb/63.3.s146}, author = {Valerie L Forman-Hoffman and Kelly K Richardson and Jon W. Yankey and Stephen L Hillis and Robert B Wallace and Frederic D Wolinsky} } @article {6647, title = {A revised CES-D measure of depressive symptoms and a DSM-based measure of major depressive episodes in the elderly.}, journal = {Int Psychogeriatr}, volume = {11}, year = {1999}, month = {1999 Jun}, pages = {139-48}, publisher = {11}, abstract = {

This study examines the psychometric properties of two new abbreviated versions of standard measures of depression, a revised eight-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and a short-form Composite International Diagnostic Interview (short-form CIDI). A sample of 6,133 elders, age 70 years or older, completed both measures as part of the Asset and Health Dynamics Study of the Oldest Old. The revised CES-D had an internal consistency and factor structure comparable to that of prior versions of the CES-D. The sources of discordance between the two measures were examined and the two measures were compared on self-report of four clinical variables: medical illness, physician diagnosis, psychiatric treatment, and antidepressant or tranquilizer use. Both measures were associated with self-report of physician diagnosis and psychiatric treatment. Respondents positive for depression on the CES-D reported higher rates of antidepressant use. Respondents positive on the short-form CIDI only did not report more antidepressant use than nondepressed respondents.

}, keywords = {Aged, Antidepressive Agents, depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Severity of Illness Index, Surveys and Questionnaires}, issn = {1041-6102}, doi = {10.1017/s1041610299005694}, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11475428/}, author = {Carolyn L. Turvey and Robert B Wallace and A. Regula Herzog} } @article {6552, title = {Risk factors for occupational injuries among older workers: an analysis of the health and retirement study.}, journal = {Am J Public Health}, volume = {86}, year = {1996}, month = {1996 Sep}, pages = {1306-9}, publisher = {86}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: This study examined risk factors for occupational injury among older workers.

METHODS: We analyzed data on 6854 employed nonfarmers from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-based sample of Americans 51 through 61 years old.

RESULTS: Occupational injuries were associated with the following: the occupations of mechanics and repairers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.27), service personnel (OR = 1.68), and laborers (OR = 2.18); jobs requiring heavy lifting (OR = 2.75); workers{\textquoteright} impaired hearing (OR = 1.60) and impaired vision (OR = 1.53); and jobs requiring good vision (OR = 1.43). Self-employment was associated with fewer injuries (OR = 0.47).

CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of a good match between job demands and worker capabilities.

}, keywords = {Accidents, Occupational, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Regression Analysis, Retirement, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, United States, Wounds and Injuries}, issn = {0090-0036}, doi = {10.2105/ajph.86.9.1306}, author = {Zwerling, Craig and Nancy L. Sprince and Robert B Wallace and Charles S. Davis and Paul S. Whitten and Steven G Heeringa} }