@article {5758,
	title = {Unequal Giving: Monetary Gifts to Children Across Countries and Over Time},
	number = {723},
	year = {2009},
	institution = {RAND Corporation },
	address = {Santa Monica, CA},
	abstract = {Money parents give their adult children may be important for the financing of a child s education or a first home, relaxing binding credit constraints or responding to a transitory income shock. Financial transfers however, may extend economic disparities across generations if the wealthy transfer considerable resources to their children while middle class and poor households do not. In this paper, we first examine annual gifts of money from parents to adult children in the United States and ten Europe countries using the 2004 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Second, utilizing the long panel of the HRS, we study the long-run behavior of parental monetary giving to children across families and within a family. We found that in all countries, some parents gave money to children, many did not, the amount was low, about 500 Euros annually per child, and varied by parental socio-economic status and public social expenditures. In the short term parents in the U.S. gave money to a child to compensate for low earnings or satisfy an immediate need such as schooling. Over sixteen-years, parents gave an average of about  38,000 to all their children, five percent gave over  140,000 and gave persistently. With time, the amount of money children in the same family received became more equal and a child s level of education was one of the few remaining sources of differences in money given to children. Overall, the annual amount of money parents gave adult children in any country was not enough to affect the distribution of resources within or between families in the next generation although the timing of transfers for schooling or housing may have a significant impact on an individual child. Annual parental transfers for college age children in school in the U.S. were substantially higher than average transfers to all children. The effect of parental transfers for higher education on intergenerational mobility in the U.S. will depend in part upon whether this financing is essential in the schooling decision.},
	keywords = {Adult children, Cross-National, Demographics, Income, Retirement Planning and Satisfaction, SHARE},
	url = {http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2010/RAND_WR723.pdf},
	author = {Julie M Zissimopoulos and James P Smith}
}
@inbook {5200,
	title = {Unraveling the SES-Health Connection},
	booktitle = {Aging, Health and Public Policy: Demographic and Economic Perspectives},
	series = {Population and Development Review},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ProCite field 6 : In ProCite field 8 : ed.},
	pages = {108-132},
	publisher = {Population Council},
	organization = {Population Council},
	address = {New York},
	keywords = {Demographics, Health Conditions and Status},
	author = {James P Smith},
	editor = {Linda J. Waite}
}
@inbook {5119,
	title = {Unfolding Bracket Method in the Measurement of Expenditures and Wealth},
	booktitle = {Wealth, Work, and Health: Innovations in Measurement in the Social Sciences: Essays in honor of F. Thomas Juster.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {ProCite field[8]: eds.},
	pages = {64-86},
	publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	organization = {University of Michigan Press},
	address = {Ann Arbor, MI},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Methodology, Net Worth and Assets},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvp4D1HuH8C\&pg=PA64\&lpg=PA64\&dq=Unfolding+Bracket+Method+in+the+Measurement+of+Expenditures+and+Wealth\&source=bl\&ots=hFIAdSfSt6\&sig=ACfU3U2f2HvZoq6nQLadPt_pPaidMEBcyQ\&hl=en\&sa=X\&ved=2ahUKEwjAruG52p3qAhWIZM0KHTMiBpAQ6AEwA},
	author = {Daniel H. Hill},
	editor = {James P Smith and Robert J. Willis}
}
@article {5315,
	title = {Unequal Wealth and Incentives to Save},
	journal = {RAND Documented Briefings},
	number = {DB-145-RC},
	year = {1995},
	publisher = {RAND Distribution Services},
	abstract = {Two recent surveys of household wealth funded by the National Institute on Aging, one of households containing people ages 51-61 and the other of households containing at least one person over age 70, show not only tremendous racial and ethnic disparities in wealth but also great disparities between the poor and the wealthy that are not fully accounted for by differences in income. Household wealth is adversely affected by family breakup, worsening health, and stringent asset tests that provide a disincentive for the poor to save. Although middle-aged people seem to have savings adequate for retirement, those in their 20s and 30s do not. Our long-run policy goals should be to place realistic limits on Social Security and Medicare, to encourage private savings through such moves as a consumption tax and a mandatory Provident-type fund, and to change asset limits in means-tested programs for the poor.},
	keywords = {Consumption and Savings, Net Worth and Assets},
	isbn = {0-8330-2289-X},
	url = {https://www.rand.org/pubs/documented_briefings/DB145.html},
	author = {James P Smith}
}
