TY - JOUR T1 - Cumulative Genetic Risk and APOE ε4 Are Independently Associated With Dementia Status in a Multiethnic, Population-Based Cohort JF - Neurology Genetics Y1 - 2021 A1 - Kelly M Bakulski A1 - Vadari, Harita S A1 - Jessica Faul A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Sharon L R Kardia A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Jennifer A. Smith A1 - Jennifer J Manly A1 - Colter Mitchell A1 - Benke, Kelly S A1 - Erin B Ware KW - Aging KW - Alzheimer disease KW - Cognition KW - genetic risk AB -

Objective: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common and costly neurodegenerative disorder. A large proportion of AD risk is heritable, and many genetic risk factors have been identified. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that cumulative genetic risk of known AD markers contributed to odds of dementia in a population-based sample.

Methods: In the US population-based Health and Retirement Study (waves 1995-2014), we evaluated the role of cumulative genetic risk of AD, with and without the alleles, on dementia status (dementia, cognitive impairment without dementia, borderline cognitive impairment without dementia, and cognitively normal). We used logistic regression, accounting for demographic covariates and genetic principal components, and analyses were stratified by European and African genetic ancestry.

Results: In the European ancestry sample (n = 8,399), both AD polygenic score excluding the genetic region (odds ratio [OR] = 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.20) and the presence of any alleles (OR = 2.42; 95% CI: 1.99-2.95) were associated with the odds of dementia relative to normal cognition in a mutually adjusted model. In the African ancestry sample (n = 1,605), the presence of any alleles was associated with 1.77 (95% CI: 1.20-2.61) times higher odds of dementia, whereas the AD polygenic score excluding the genetic region was not significantly associated with the odds of dementia relative to normal cognition 1.06 (95% CI: 0.97-1.30).

Conclusions: Cumulative genetic risk of AD and are both independent predictors of dementia in European ancestry. This study provides important insight into the polygenic nature of dementia and demonstrates the utility of polygenic scores in dementia research.

VL - 7 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Methods and Early Recruitment of a Community-Based Study of Cognitive Impairment Among Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites: The BASIC-Cognitive Study JF - Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Y1 - 2020 A1 - Emily Briceño A1 - Mehdipanah, Roshanak A1 - Gonzales, Xavier A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Deborah A Levine A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Garcia, Nelda A1 - Longoria, Ruth A1 - Lewis B Morgenstern KW - Caregivers KW - Dementia KW - Epidemiology KW - Health Resources KW - mexican american KW - mild cognitive impairment AB - Background: As the Mexican American (MA) population grows and ages, there is an urgent need to estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment or dementia (CID), cognitive trajectories, and identify community resource needs. The Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC)-Cognitive project is a population-based study to address these issues among older MAs and non-Hispanic whites (NHW) and their informal care providers. Objective: Present the methodology and initial recruitment findings for the BASIC-Cognitive project. Method: Random, door-to-door case ascertainment is used in Nueces County, Texas, to recruit community-dwelling and nursing home residents ≥65 and informal care providers. Households are identified from a two-stage area probability sample, using Census data to aim for equal balance of MAs and NHWs. Individuals with cognitive screens indicative of possible CID complete neuropsychological assessment (Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol from the Health and Retirement Study). Informal care providers complete comprehensive interview and needs assessment. Study pairs repeat procedures at 2-year follow-up. Asset and concept mapping are performed to identify community resources and study care providers’ perceptions of needs for individuals with CID. Results: 1,030 age-eligible households were identified, or 27% of households for whom age could be determined. 1,320 individuals were age-eligible, corresponding to 1.3 adults per eligible household. Initial recruitment yielded robust participation in the MA eligible population (60% of 689 individuals that completed cognitive screening). Conclusion: The BASIC-Cognitive study will provide critical information regarding the prevalence of CID in MAs, the impact of caregiving, and allocation of community resources to meet the needs of this population. VL - 73 SN - 1875-8908 UR - https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad190761 IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The influence of psychosocial and cognitive factors on perceived threat of Alzheimer’s Disease JF - American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias Y1 - 2017 A1 - Jenny E Ostergren A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Carlos F. Mendes de Leon A1 - Cathleen M. Connell A1 - J Scott Roberts KW - Alzheimer's disease KW - Perception KW - Psychosocial AB - This study explored psychosocial and cognitive predictors of perceived threat of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Respondents were 1641 adults (mean age: 64.4; 54% female; 82% white) who completed a module in the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of adults aged ≥50. Findings show that perceived threat was significantly higher for those aged 50 to 64 (P < .001) and 65 to 74 (P < .05) than for those ≥75. Respondents with a family history of AD had significantly greater perceived threat (P < .001) than those with no experience. Stronger endorsement of the beliefs that stress (P < .01) or genetics (P < .01) are important AD risk factors was significantly associated with greater perceived threat, as was having more depressive symptoms (P < .01), poorer self-rated memory (P < .01), and lower cognitive function (P < .01). Personal experience moderated the relationship between perceived threat and 2 variables: age and self-rated memory. Understanding perceived AD threat may inform practice and policies centered on early and accurate diagnosis. VL - 32 UR - http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1533317517714552 IS - 5 JO - American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Influence of the Transportation Environment on Driving Reduction and Cessation. JF - Gerontologist Y1 - 2017 A1 - Jonathon M Vivoda A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Amy J Schulz A1 - Grengs, Joe A1 - Cathleen M. Connell KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Automobile Driving KW - environment KW - Family Characteristics KW - Female KW - Geographic Information Systems KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Marital Status KW - Risk KW - Survival Analysis KW - Transportation KW - United States AB -

Purpose of the Study: Driving is by far the most common mode of transportation in the United States, but driving ability is known to decline as people experience age-related functional declines. Some older adults respond to such declines by self-limiting their driving to situations with a low perceived risk of crashing, and many people eventually stop driving completely. Previous research has largely focused on individual and interpersonal predictors of driving reduction and cessation (DRC). The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the transportation environment on DRC.

Design and Methods: Data were combined from the Health and Retirement Study, the Urban Mobility Scorecard, and StreetMap North America (GIS data). Longitudinal survival analysis techniques were used to analyze seven waves of data spanning a 12-year period.

Results: As roadway density and congestion increased in the environment, the odds of DRC also increased, even after controlling for individual and interpersonal predictors. Other predictors of DRC included demographics, relationship status, health, and household size.

Implications: The current study identified an association between the transportation environment and DRC. Future research is needed to determine whether a causal link can be established. If so, modifications to the physical environment (e.g., creating livable communities with goods and services in close proximity) could reduce driving distances in order to improve older drivers' ability to remain engaged in life. In addition, older individuals who wish to age in place should consider how their local transportation environment may affect their quality of life.

VL - 57 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27342439 IS - 5 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27342439?dopt=Abstract ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the United States. JF - Ann Neurol Y1 - 2011 A1 - Brenda L Plassman A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Ryan J McCammon A1 - Gwenith G Fisher A1 - Guy G Potter A1 - James R Burke A1 - David C Steffens A1 - Norman L Foster A1 - Bruno J Giordani A1 - Frederick W Unverzagt A1 - Kathleen A Welsh-Bohmer A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - David R Weir A1 - Robert B Wallace KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Alzheimer disease KW - Cognition Disorders KW - Cohort Studies KW - Dementia KW - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders KW - disease progression KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Models, Statistical KW - United States AB -

OBJECTIVE: Estimates of incident dementia, and cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND) (or the related mild cognitive impairment) are important for public health and clinical care policy. In this paper, we report US national incidence rates for dementia and CIND.

METHODS: Participants in the Aging, Demographic, and Memory Study (ADAMS) were evaluated for cognitive impairment using a comprehensive in-home assessment. A total of 456 individuals aged 72 years and older, who were not demented at baseline, were followed longitudinally from August 2001 to December 2009. An expert consensus panel assigned a diagnosis of normal cognition, CIND, or dementia and its subtypes. Using a population-weighted sample, we estimated the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and CIND by age. We also estimated the incidence of progression from CIND to dementia.

RESULTS: The incidence of dementia was 33.3 (standard error [SE], 4.2) per 1,000 person-years and 22.9 (SE, 2.9) per 1,000 person-years for AD. The incidence of CIND was 60.4 (SE, 7.2) cases per 1,000 person-years. An estimated 120.3 (SE, 16.9) individuals per 1,000 person-years progressed from CIND to dementia. Over a 5.9-year period, about 3.4 million individuals aged 72 and older in the United States developed incident dementia, of whom approximately 2.3 million developed AD, and about 637,000 developed VaD. Over this same period, almost 4.8 million individuals developed incident CIND.

INTERPRETATION: The incidence of CIND is greater than the incidence of dementia, and those with CIND are at high risk of progressing to dementia, making CIND a potentially valuable target for treatments aimed at slowing cognitive decline.

VL - 70 IS - 3 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21425187?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC3139807 U4 - Dementia/Cognitive Impairment/Alzheimer disease/vascular dementia/incident dementia ER - TY - JOUR T1 - National estimates of the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States. JF - Alzheimers Dement Y1 - 2011 A1 - Brookmeyer, Ron A1 - Denis A Evans A1 - Liesi Hebert A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Brenda L Plassman A1 - Walter Kukull KW - Age Factors KW - Alzheimer disease KW - Community Health Planning KW - Data collection KW - Humans KW - Incidence KW - Models, Statistical KW - Prevalence KW - Sampling Studies KW - United States AB -

Several methods of estimating prevalence of dementia are presented in this article. For both Brookmeyer and the Chicago Health and Aging project (CHAP), the estimates of prevalence are derived statistically, forward calculating from incidence and survival figures. The choice of incidence rates on which to build the estimates may be critical. Brookmeyer used incidence rates from several published studies, whereas the CHAP investigators applied the incidence rates observed in their own cohort. The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) and the East Boston Senior Health Project (EBSHP) were sample surveys designed to ascertain the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. ADAMS obtained direct estimates by relying on probability sampling nationwide. EBSHP relied on projection of localized prevalence estimates to the national population. The sampling techniques of ADAMS and EBSHP were rather similar, whereas their disease definitions were not. By contrast, EBSPH and CHAP have similar disease definitions internally, but use different calculation techniques, and yet arrive at similar prevalence estimates, which are considerably greater than those obtained by either Brookmeyer or ADAMS. Choice of disease definition may play the larger role in explaining differences in observed prevalence between these studies.

PB - 7 VL - 7 IS - 1 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21255744?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC3052294 U4 - Alzheimer disease/Dementia/Cognitive impairment/Prevalence/Population-based/Projection/Probability/sampling ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Successful aging in the United States: prevalence estimates from a national sample of older adults. JF - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Y1 - 2010 A1 - Sara J McLaughlin A1 - Cathleen M. Connell A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Lydia W Li A1 - J Scott Roberts KW - Affect KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Prevalence KW - United States AB -

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of successful aging in the United States, with the broad aim of contributing to the dialogue on Rowe and Kahn's concept of successful aging.

METHODS: Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, the prevalence of successful aging was calculated for adults aged 65 years and older at four time points: 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2004. Successful aging was operationalized in accordance with Rowe and Kahn's definition, which encompasses disease and disability, cognitive and physical functioning, social connections, and productive activities.

RESULTS: No greater than 11.9% of older adults were aging "successfully" in any year. The adjusted odds of successful aging were generally lower for those of advanced age, male gender, and lower socioeconomic status. Between 1998 and 2004, the odds of successful aging declined by 25%, after accounting for demographic changes in the older population.

DISCUSSION: Few older adults meet the criteria put forth in Rowe and Kahn's definition of successful aging, suggesting the need for modification if the concept is to be used for broad public health purposes. Disparities in successful aging were evident for socially defined subgroups, highlighting the importance of structural factors in enabling successful aging.

PB - 65B VL - 65B IS - 2 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20008481?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC2981444 U4 - Quality of Life/Aging/Public Health/Health Services/Socioeconomic Levels/United States/SF 36 Health Survey/Older Adults/Data Collection/ROWE, John W./KAHN, Robert L./Health disparities/Healthy aging/Prevalence/Successful aging ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS): Sample Design, Weighting and Analysis for ADAMS Y1 - 2009 A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Gwenith G Fisher A1 - Michael D Hurd A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Mary Beth Ofstedal A1 - Brenda L Plassman A1 - Rogers, Willard A1 - David R Weir KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Methodology AB - This technical report describes the sample design, design-based weighting and analysis procedures for the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS), a national study that recruited Health and Retirement Study (HRS) panel members to undergo a psychometric evaluation and clinical assessment visit. Langa et al. (2005) describe the general design and methods for the ADAMS including relevant background on the HRS longitudinal sample. This document provides additional detail on the sample design for the ADAMS including a description of survey sample selection, sample attrition and nonresponse, population weights, design-based variance estimation and related topics of importance to analysts of the ADAMS data. PB - Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan CY - Ann Arbor, Michigan U4 - survey Methods/Sample Design/Cognition ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States. JF - Ann Intern Med Y1 - 2008 A1 - Brenda L Plassman A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Gwenith G Fisher A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - David R Weir A1 - Mary Beth Ofstedal A1 - James R Burke A1 - Michael D Hurd A1 - Guy G Potter A1 - Willard L Rodgers A1 - David C Steffens A1 - John J McArdle A1 - Robert J. Willis A1 - Robert B Wallace KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Cognition Disorders KW - Dementia KW - disease progression KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Prevalence KW - United States AB -

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment without dementia is associated with increased risk for disability, increased health care costs, and progression to dementia. There are no population-based prevalence estimates of this condition in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States and determine longitudinal cognitive and mortality outcomes.

DESIGN: Longitudinal study from July 2001 to March 2005.

SETTING: In-home assessment for cognitive impairment.

PARTICIPANTS: Participants in ADAMS (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) who were age 71 years or older drawn from the nationally representative HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Of 1770 selected individuals, 856 completed initial assessment, and of 241 selected individuals, 180 completed 16- to 18-month follow-up assessment.

MEASUREMENTS: Assessments, including neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, and clinical and medical history, were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, or dementia. National prevalence rates were estimated by using a population-weighted sample.

RESULTS: In 2002, an estimated 5.4 million people (22.2%) in the United States age 71 years or older had cognitive impairment without dementia. Prominent subtypes included prodromal Alzheimer disease (8.2%) and cerebrovascular disease (5.7%). Among participants who completed follow-up assessments, 11.7% with cognitive impairment without dementia progressed to dementia annually, whereas those with subtypes of prodromal Alzheimer disease and stroke progressed at annual rates of 17% to 20%. The annual death rate was 8% among those with cognitive impairment without dementia and almost 15% among those with cognitive impairment due to medical conditions.

LIMITATIONS: Only 56% of the nondeceased target sample completed the initial assessment. Population sampling weights were derived to adjust for at least some of the potential bias due to nonresponse and attrition.

CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment without dementia is more prevalent in the United States than dementia, and its subtypes vary in prevalence and outcomes.

PB - 148 VL - 148 IS - 6 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18347351?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC2670458 U4 - Cognitive Functioning/Dementia/Health Risk/PREVALENCE ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. JF - Neuroepidemiology Y1 - 2007 A1 - Brenda L Plassman A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Gwenith G Fisher A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - David R Weir A1 - Mary Beth Ofstedal A1 - James R Burke A1 - Michael D Hurd A1 - Guy G Potter A1 - Willard L Rodgers A1 - David C Steffens A1 - Robert J. Willis A1 - Robert B Wallace KW - Age Distribution KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Cohort Studies KW - Dementia KW - Female KW - Geriatric Assessment KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Prevalence KW - Sex Distribution KW - United States AB -

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias in the USA using a nationally representative sample.

METHODS: The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study sample was composed of 856 individuals aged 71 years and older from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who were evaluated for dementia using a comprehensive in-home assessment. An expert consensus panel used this information to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment but not demented, or dementia (and dementia subtype). Using sampling weights derived from the HRS, we estimated the national prevalence of dementia, AD and vascular dementia by age and gender.

RESULTS: The prevalence of dementia among individuals aged 71 and older was 13.9%, comprising about 3.4 million individuals in the USA in 2002. The corresponding values for AD were 9.7% and 2.4 million individuals. Dementia prevalence increased with age, from 5.0% of those aged 71-79 years to 37.4% of those aged 90 and older.

CONCLUSIONS: Dementia prevalence estimates from this first nationally representative population-based study of dementia in the USA to include subjects from all regions of the country can provide essential information for effective planning for the impending healthcare needs of the large and increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia as our population ages.

PB - 29 VL - 29 IS - 1-2 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975326?dopt=Abstract U4 - aging/Dementia/Epidemiology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Aging, Demographics and Memory Study: Study Design and Methods JF - Neuroepidemiology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Kenneth M. Langa A1 - Brenda L Plassman A1 - Robert B Wallace A1 - A. Regula Herzog A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Mary Beth Ofstedal A1 - James F. Burke A1 - Gwenith G Fisher A1 - Fultz, Nancy H. A1 - Michael D Hurd A1 - Guy G Potter A1 - Willard L Rodgers A1 - David C Steffens A1 - David R Weir KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Healthcare AB - Objective: We describe the design and methods of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a new national study that will provide data on the antecedents, prevalence, outcomes, and costs of dementia and cognitive impairment, not demented (CIND) using a unique study design based on the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We also illustrate potential uses of the ADAMS data and provide information to interested researchers on obtaining ADAMS and HRS data. Methods: The ADAMS is the first population-based study of dementia in the United States to include subjects from all regions of the country, while at the same time using a single standardized diagnostic protocol in a community-based sample. A sample of 856 individuals aged 70 or older who were participants in the on-going HRS received an extensive in-home clinical and neuropsychological assessment to determine a diagnosis of normal, CIND, or dementia. Within the CIND and dementia categories, subcategories (e.g., Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia) were assigned to denote the etiology of cognitive impairment. Conclusion: Linking the ADAMS dementia clinical assessment data to the wealth of available longitudinal HRS data on health, health care utilization, informal care, and economic resources and behavior, will provide a unique opportunity to study the onset of CIND and dementia in a nationally-representative population-based sample, as well as the risk factors, prevalence, outcomes, and costs of CIND and dementia. PB - 25 VL - 25 U4 - Aging/Dementia/Epidemiology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Occupational injuries among older workers with disabilities: a prospective cohort study of the Health and Retirement Survey, 1992 to 1994. JF - Am J Public Health Y1 - 1998 A1 - Zwerling, Craig A1 - Nancy L. Sprince A1 - Charles S. Davis A1 - Paul S. Whitten A1 - Robert B Wallace A1 - Steven G Heeringa KW - Accidents, Occupational KW - Age Distribution KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Analysis of Variance KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Disabled Persons KW - Female KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Odds Ratio KW - Prospective Studies KW - Retirement KW - Risk Factors KW - United States AB -

OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that among older workers, disabilities in general, and hearing and visual impairments in particular, are risk factors for occupational injuries.

METHODS: Using the first 2 interviews of the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative survey of Americans aged 51 to 61 years, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 5600 employed nonfarmers.

RESULTS: Testing a logistic regression model developed in a previous cross-sectional study, we found that the following occupations and risk factors were associated with occupational injury as estimated by odds ratios: service personnel, odds ratio = 1.71 (95% confidence interval = 1.13, 2.57); mechanics and repairers, 3.47 (1.98, 6.10); operators and assemblers, 2.33 (1.51, 3.61); laborers, 3.16 (1.67, 5.98); jobs requiring heavy lifting, 2.05 (1.55, 2.70); self-employment, 0.50 (0.34, 0.73); and self-reported disability, 1.58 (1.14, 2.19). Replacing the general disability variable with specific hearing and visual impairment variables, we found that poor hearing (1.35 [0.95, 1.93]) and poor sight (1.45 [0.94, 2.22]) both had elevated odds ratios.

CONCLUSIONS: Poor sight and poor hearing, as well as work disabilities in general, are associated with occupational injuries among older workers.

PB - 88 VL - 88 UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9807538/ IS - 11 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9807538?dopt=Abstract U4 - Labor/Occupational Injury/Health Status/Basic Demographics/Health Behaviors/Risk Factors/Disability/Disability ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Imputation of Multivariate Data on Household Net Worth JF - Proceedings of the American Statistical Association Y1 - 1997 A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Roderick J.A. Little A1 - Trivellore E. Raghunathan KW - Methodology KW - Net Worth and Assets AB - This paper analyzes the various methods involved in the imputation of multivariate data. The paper investigates methods of imputing amounts for bracketed net worth variables; empirically compares the distributional properties of data imputed by the alternative methods; and estimates the imputation variance that each method adds to the completed data set. PB - Section on Survey Research Methods VL - Section on Survey Research Methods UR - http://www.asasrms.org/Proceedings/papers/1997_020.pdf U4 - Microeconomic Data Management/Economic Status/Method of Response used to answer question ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Alcohol and Occupational Injuries among Older Workers JF - Accident Analysis and Prevention Y1 - 1996 A1 - Zwerling, Craig A1 - Nancy L. Sprince A1 - Robert B Wallace A1 - Charles S. Davis A1 - Paul S. Whitten A1 - Steven G Heeringa KW - Demographics KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Methodology KW - Risk Taking PB - 28 VL - 28 IS - 3 U4 - Accidents, Occupational/Alcohol Drinking/Gender/Middle Age/Risk Factors/Sex Distribution/Support, U.S. Government--PHS/Wounds and Injuries ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Risk factors for occupational injuries among older workers: an analysis of the health and retirement study. JF - Am J Public Health Y1 - 1996 A1 - Zwerling, Craig A1 - Nancy L. Sprince A1 - Robert B Wallace A1 - Charles S. Davis A1 - Paul S. Whitten A1 - Steven G Heeringa KW - Accidents, Occupational KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Educational Status KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Occupational Diseases KW - Regression Analysis KW - Retirement KW - Risk Factors KW - Sex Factors KW - United States KW - Wounds and Injuries AB -

OBJECTIVES: This study examined risk factors for occupational injury among older workers.

METHODS: We analyzed data on 6854 employed nonfarmers from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a population-based sample of Americans 51 through 61 years old.

RESULTS: Occupational injuries were associated with the following: the occupations of mechanics and repairers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.27), service personnel (OR = 1.68), and laborers (OR = 2.18); jobs requiring heavy lifting (OR = 2.75); workers' impaired hearing (OR = 1.60) and impaired vision (OR = 1.53); and jobs requiring good vision (OR = 1.43). Self-employment was associated with fewer injuries (OR = 0.47).

CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of a good match between job demands and worker capabilities.

PB - 86 VL - 86 IS - 9 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8806386?dopt=Abstract U4 - Accidents, Occupational/Educational Status/Health Status/Gender/Middle Age/Occupational Diseases/Regression Analysis/Retirement/Risk Factors/Sex Factors/Support, Non U.S. Government/Support, U.S. Government--PHS/Wounds and Injuries ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of recall period on the reporting of occupational injuries among older workers in the Health and Retirement Study. JF - Am J Ind Med Y1 - 1995 A1 - Zwerling, Craig A1 - Nancy L. Sprince A1 - Robert B Wallace A1 - Charles S. Davis A1 - Paul S. Whitten A1 - Steven G Heeringa KW - Accidents, Occupational KW - Adult KW - Aged KW - Bias KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Data collection KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Incidence KW - Linear Models KW - Male KW - Mental Recall KW - Middle Aged KW - Models, Statistical KW - Reproducibility of Results KW - Retirement KW - Risk Factors KW - Time Factors KW - United States AB -

Studies of injury morbidity often rely on self-reported survey data. In designing these surveys, researchers must chose between a shorter recall period to minimize recall bias and a longer period to maximize the precision of rate estimates. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, which employed a recall period of 1 year, we examined the effect of the recall period on rates of occupational injuries among older workers as well as upon rate ratios of these injuries for nine risk factors. We fit a stochastic model to the occupational injury rates as a function of time before the interview and used this model to estimate what the injury rates would have been had we used a 4-week recall period. The adjusted occupational injury rate of 5.9 injuries per 100 workers per year was 36% higher than the rate based on a 1-year recall period. Adjustment for recall period had much less effect on rate ratios, which typically varied by < 10%. Our work suggests that self-reported surveys with longer recall periods may be used to estimate occupational injury rates and also may be useful in studying the associations between occupational injuries and a variety of risk factors.

PB - 28 VL - 28 IS - 5 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561168?dopt=Abstract U4 - Accidents, Occupational/Adult/Bias (Epidemiology)/Morbidity/Gender/Incidence/Middle Age/Models, Statistical/Recall/Reproducibility of Results/Retirement/Risk Factors/Support, U.S. Government--PHS/Time Factors ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Occupational Injuries Among Agricultural Workers 51 to 61 Years Old: A National Study JF - Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health Y1 - 1995 A1 - Zwerling, Craig A1 - Nancy L. Sprince A1 - Robert B Wallace A1 - Charles S. Davis A1 - Paul S. Whitten A1 - Steven G Heeringa KW - Demographics KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Net Worth and Assets AB - This paper examines risk factors for occupational injuries among agricultural workers and compares them with the risk factors for injury among other older workers. The findings suggest that the risks for occupational injuries among agricultural workers differ from those that affect workers in all other occupations. While heavy lifting and poor eye sight were risk factors for both agricultural and other workers, self-employment- - which acted as a protective factor for other workers- - proved to be a risk factor for agricultural workers. Other variables - depressive symptoms and dissatisfaction with marriage, job, family life, the way problems are handled, and life overall - tended to be more strongly associated with occupational injuries in agricultural workers than among other workers. PB - 1 VL - 1 UR - https://elibrary.asabe.org/abstract.asp?search=1&JID=3&AID=19469&CID=j1995&v=1&i=4&T=1&urlRedirect=[anywhere=&keyword=&abstract=&title=on&author=&references=&docnumber=&journals=All&searchstring=Occupational%20Injuries%20among%20Agricultural%20Workers&pg= IS - 4 U4 - Self-Employment/Labor/Occupational Injury/Basic Demographics/Health Status/Health Behaviors/Economic Status ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Technical Description of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study Sample Design Y1 - 1995 A1 - Steven G Heeringa KW - Methodology AB - Describes the sample design, sampling procedures, and sample outcomes for Wave 1 of the Study of Aging and Health Dynamics (AHEAD). The document is divided into eight sections. The introduction describes the purpose and organization of the AHEAD study. Sections 2, 3, and 4 provide an overview and a detailed description of the AHEAD dual-frame probability sample design. The fifth and sixth sections describe the AHEAD Wave 1 sample control procedures and sample outcomes. Sections 7 and 8 contain descriptions of the construction and use of the analysis weights and the codes and procedures for computation of sampling errors for the AHEAD Wave 1 data. PB - Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan CY - Ann Arbor, Michigan U4 - Sample design/HRS Sponsorship, Sample, Study Design/Survey Methods ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Technical Description of the Health and Retirement Study Sample Design Y1 - 1995 A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Connor, Judith KW - Methodology AB - This technical memorandum describes the sample design, sampling procedures, and sample outcomes for Wave 1 of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). This document is divided into six sections. The introduction describes the purpose and organization of the HRS. Sections 2 and 3 provide an overview and a detailed description of the multi-stage area probability sample design. The fourth section reports the HRS Wave 1 sample outcomes -- a comparison of the expected versus observed occupancy, eligibility, and response rates. Sections 5 and 6 contain descriptions of the construction and use of the analysis weights and the codes and procedures for computation of sampling errors for the HRS data. PB - Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan CY - Ann Arbor, Michigan U4 - Sample Design/HRS Sponsorship, Sample, Study Design ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Unfolding Brackets for Reducing Item Non-Response in Economic Surveys Y1 - 1995 A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Daniel H. Hill A1 - Howell, David A. KW - Methodology AB - This paper describes and analyzes a new survey methodology for reducing item non-response on financial measures. This unfolding bracket method is systematic and applicable in both face-to-face and telephone surveys. The proportion of missing observations for financial variables in national surveys is often in the 20-25 range and in some cases is as high as a third. With the unfolding bracket method the proportion of completely missing data can be cut by two-thirds. Furthermore, with appropriately chosen bracket breakpoints, the amount of the variance in the underlying measure recovered is quite high. We propose and demonstrate one method for choosing the breakpoints which employs the Downhill Simplex algorithm to maximize their exploratory value. Additionally, use of a Box-Cox transform of the actual data in conjunction with this algorithm, can result in breakpoints which are effective in explaining most of the underlying variance in both actual values and their log transforms. Since each of these metrics is appropriate for some uses this compromise is quite useful in meeting the needs of a wide variety of potential users. Finally, we investigate the effects of bracketing on the empirical validity of survey data. While we do find lower empirical validity for data from individuals exposed to brackets early in the survey instrument, this appears to be the result of self-selection rather than a direct effect of exposure to the methodology. PB - University of Michigan UR - http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/series.html U4 - Brackets/Non-Response ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Unfolding brackets for reducing item nonresponse in economic surveys Y1 - 1995 A1 - Steven G Heeringa A1 - Daniel H. Hill A1 - Howell, David A. KW - economic survey KW - item nonreponse KW - Missing data AB - This paper describes and analyzes a new survey methodology for reducing item non-response on financial measures. This "unfolding bracket" method is systematic and applicable in both face-to-face and telephone surveys. The proportion of missing observations for financial variables in national surveys is often in the 20-25% range and in some cases is as high as a third, With the unfolding bracket method the proportion of completely missing data can be cut by two-thirds. Furthermore, with appropriately chosen bracket breakpoints, the amount of the variance in the underlying measure recovered is quite high. We propose and demonstrate on method for choosing the breakpoints which employs the Downhill Simplex algorithm to maximize their explanatory value. Additionally, use of a Box-Cox transform of the actual data in conjunction with this algorithm, can result in breakpoints which are effective in explaining most of the underlying variance in both actual values and their log transforms. Since each of these metrics is appropriate for some uses this compromise is quite useful in meeting the needs of a wide variety of potential users. Finally, we investigate the effect of bracketing on the empirical validity of survey data. While we do find lower empirical validity for data from individuals exposed to brackets early in the survey instrument, this appears to be the result of self-selection rather than a direct effect of exposure to the methodology. PB - Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan CY - Ann Arbor, MI ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Unfolding Brackets for Reducing Item Nonresponse in Economic Surveys Y1 - 1995 A1 - Steven G Heeringa ED - Daniel H. Hill KW - Methodology AB - This paper describes and analyzes a new survey methodology for reducing item non-response on financial measures. This unfolding bracket method is systematic and applicable in both face-to-face and telephone surveys. The proportion of missing observations for financial variables in national surveys is often in the 20-25 range and in some cases is as high as a third. With the unfolding bracket method the proportion of completely missing data can be cut by two-thirds. Furthermore, with appropriately chosen bracket breakpoints, the amount of the variance in the underlying measure recovered is quite high. We propose and demonstrate one method for choosing the breakpoints which employs the Downhill Simplex algorithm to maximize their exploratory value. Additionally, use of a Box-Cox transform of the actual data in conjunction with this algorithm, can result in breakpoints which are effective in explaining most of the underlying variance in both actual values and their log transforms. Since each of these metrics is appropriate for some uses this compromise is quite useful in meeting the needs of a wide variety of potential users. Finally, we investigate the effects of bracketing on the empirical validity of survey data. While we do find lower empirical validity for data from individuals exposed to brackets early in the survey instrument, this appears to be the result of self-selection rather than a direct effect of exposure to the methodology. ER -