TY - JOUR T1 - Revisiting the Effect of Retirement on Cognition: Heterogeneity and Endowment JF - The Journal of the Economics of Ageing Y1 - 2022 A1 - Dawoon Jung A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Erik Meijer KW - Cognition KW - genetic risk score KW - O*NET KW - Occupation KW - Retirement AB - Since the seminal paper of Rohwedder and Willis (2010), the effect of retirement on cognition has drawn significant research interest from economists. Especially with ongoing policy discussions about public pension reforms and the increasing burden of dementia, it is indisputably an important research question with significant policy implications. Building on this growing literature, our paper makes two important contributions. First, we explicitly consider cognitive demands of jobs in studying hetereogeneity of the retirement effect. As the primary explanation for the potential adverse effect of retirement is that cognition is better maintained through mental exercise (Salthouse, 2006), by investigating the cognitive demands of the job one retires from we can directly test the hypothesized relationship. Second, we avoid biases associated with omitted variables, particularly by controlling for endowed cognitive ability. While endowed, genetic differences in cognitive ability is an important omitted variable that can explain individual differences in cognitive performance as well as selection into a particular type of job, this inherited characteristic has not been controlled for in the prior literature. Taking advantage of the polygenic risk score of cognition (Davies et al., 2015), we control for individual differences in genetic endowments in estimating the effect of retirement on cognition. We find supporting evidence for differential effects of retirement by cognitive demands of jobs after controlling for innate differences in cognition and educational attainment. VL - 21 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Disability Incidence Rates for Men and Women in 23 Countries: Evidence on Health Effects of Gender Inequality. JF - The Journals of Gerontology, Series A Y1 - 2021 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Erik Meijer A1 - Drystan F. Phillips A1 - Hu, Peifeng KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - CHARLS KW - Cross-Country KW - ELSA KW - health disparity KW - KLoSA KW - Longitudinal analysis KW - MHAS KW - SHARE AB -

BACKGROUND: Inequality in gender varies across social contexts, which may influence the health of both men and women. Based on theories of gender as a social system, we examine whether systematic gender inequality at the macro level influences health of men and women.

METHODS: Using harmonized panel data from the Gateway to Global Aging Data in 23 high and middle income countries (N=168,873), we estimate disability prevalence and incidence for men and women ages 55 to 89 (2000-2016). Within each country or geographic region, we also investigate gender differences in age gradients of the probability of disability onset. We, then, pool data from all countries and test the hypothesis that gender inequality increases the probability of disability onset.

RESULTS: We found substantial cross-country variation in disability incidence rates, and this variation is greater for women than for men. Among ages 65-69, disability incidence rates ranged from 0.4 to 5.0 for men and from 0.5 to 9.4 for women. Our within-country analysis showed significant gender differences in age gradients of the probability of disability onset in the U.S., Korea, Southern Europe, Mexico, and China, but not in Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe, England and Israel. Testing hypothesized effects of gender inequality, we find that gender inequality is significantly associated with the probability of disability onset for women, but not for men.

CONCLUSIONS: Macro-level societal gender inequality is significantly associated with the probability of disability onset for women. Reducing and eliminating gender inequality is crucial to achieving good health for women.

VL - 76 IS - 2 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Family caregiving and place of death: Insights from cross-national analysis of the Harmonized End of Life Data. JF - The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Y1 - 2021 A1 - Jennifer A Ailshire A1 - Osuna, Margarita A1 - Wilkens, Jenny A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Aging KW - Disability KW - family caregivers KW - Nursing homes KW - SHARE KW - spouse KW - Terminally Ill AB -

OBJECTIVES: Family is largely overlooked in research on factors associated with place of death among older adults. We determine if family caregiving at the end of life is associated with place of death in the United States and Europe.

METHODS: We use the Harmonized End of Life data sets developed by the Gateway to Global Aging Data for the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We conducted multinomial logistic regression on 7,113 decedents from 18 European countries and 3,031 decedents from the United States to determine if family caregiving, defined based on assistance with activities of daily living, was associated with death at home versus at a hospital or nursing home.

RESULTS: Family caregiving was associated with reduced odds of dying in a hospital and nursing home, relative to dying at home in both the United States and Europe. Care from a spouse/partner or child/grandchild was both more common and more strongly associated with place of death than care from other relatives. Associations between family caregiving and place of death were generally consistent across European welfare regimes.

DISCUSSION: This cross-national examination of family caregiving indicates that family-based support is universally important in determining where older adults die. In both the United States and in Europe, most care provided during a long-term illness or disability is provided by family caregivers, and it is clear families exert tremendous influence on place of death.

VL - 76 IS - Supplement_1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Advancing research on psychosocial stress and aging with the Health and Retirement Study: Looking back to launch the field forward JF - The Journals of Gerontology: Series B Y1 - 2020 A1 - Alexandra D. Crosswell A1 - Suresh, Madhuvanthi A1 - Puterman, Eli A1 - Tara L Gruenewald A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Elissa S Epel KW - Aging KW - Measurement KW - Population Health KW - Psychosocial KW - Stress AB - The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) was designed as an interdisciplinary study with a strong focus on health, retirement, and socioeconomic environment, to study their dynamic relationships over time in a sample of mid-life adults. The study includes validated self-report measures and individual items that capture the experiences of stressful events (stressor exposures) and subjective assessments of stress (perceived stress) within specific life domains. UR - https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/geronb/gby106/5096750 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cognitive Function and Cardiometabolic-Inflammatory Risk Factors Among Older Indians and Americans. JF - Journal of the American Geriatrics Society Y1 - 2020 A1 - Hu, Peifeng A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Beaumaster, Sidney A1 - Jung K Kim A1 - Dey, Sharmistha A1 - David R Weir A1 - Eileen M. Crimmins KW - cardiometabolic risk KW - Cognition KW - HCAP KW - LASI-DAD AB -

OBJECTIVES: To investigate how cardiometabolic-inflammatory risk factors are related to cognition among older adults in India and the United States.

DESIGN: The Longitudinal Aging Study in India-Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI-DAD) and the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS-HCAP) in the United States conducted an in-depth assessment of cognition, using protocols designed for international comparison.

SETTING: Cognitive tests were conducted in hospital or household settings in India and in household settings in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS: Respondents aged 60 years and older from LASI-DAD (N = 1,865) and respondents aged 65 years and older from HRS-HCAP (N = 2,111) who provided venous blood specimen.

MEASUREMENTS: We used total composite scores from the common cognitive tests administered. Cardiovascular risk was indicated by systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP), and homocysteine. Metabolic risk was measured by body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein (a) (only in India). Inflammatory risk was indicted by white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, albumin, and uric acid (only in India).

RESULTS: The distribution of both total cognition scores and of cardiometabolic risk factors differed significantly between India and the United States. In both countries, lower cognition was associated with older age, lower education, elevated homocysteine, elevated proBNP, and lower albumin levels. The associations between HbA1c levels and cognitive measures were statistically significant in both countries, but in the opposite direction, with a coefficient of 1.5 (P < .001) in India and -2.4 (P < .001) in the United States for one percentage increase in absolute HbA1c value.

CONCLUSION: Cardiometabolic-inflammatory biomarkers are associated with cognitive functional levels in each country, but the relationships may vary across countries. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:S36-S44, 2020.

VL - 68 IS - Suppl 3 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Living Longer, With or Without Disability? A Global and Longitudinal Perspective JF - The Journals of Gerontology: Series A Y1 - 2020 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Lau, Samuel A1 - Erik Meijer A1 - Hu, Peifeng KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - CHARLS KW - Cross-country comparison KW - Disability KW - ELSA KW - KLoSA KW - MHAS KW - SHARE KW - Trends AB - Background Significant gains in life expectancy have been achieved, but living longer does not necessarily mean the years gained are productive and healthy. Different theories predict different patterns of time trends in old-age disability prevalence. Methods Using the Gateway to Global Aging Data, which provides internationally harmonized longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study and its sister surveys, we compare time trends (from 2004 to 2014) in disability prevalence across countries. Results Disability prevalence varies greatly across countries, and divergent time trends are observed across countries. For countries such as Belgium, Czechia, and Mexico, we observe an increase of disability prevalence, whereas in countries such as Denmark, England, Greece, Korea, Poland, and Sweden, we observe a substantial decrease in disability prevalence. Looking further into the severity of disability, we often observe differential trends in prevalence, but there is no evidence supporting the dynamic equilibrium hypothesis that predicts increased prevalence of modest disability but a decrease in severe disability prevalence. Conclusions Significant gains in life expectancy have translated into different gains in healthy years of life across different countries. Diverse time trends in disability prevalence across countries reaffirm that the expansion of late-life disability is not inevitable. VL - 75 UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30629214/ IS - 1 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cross-Country Comparisons of Disability and Morbidity: Evidence from the Gateway to Global Aging Data JF - The Journals of Gerontology: Series A Y1 - 2018 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Drystan F. Phillips A1 - Wilkens, Jenny A1 - Chien, Sandy A1 - Lin, Yu-Chen A1 - Marco Angrisani A1 - Eileen M. Crimmins KW - Cross-National KW - Disabilities KW - Disease KW - Gateway to Global Aging AB - Background International comparisons of disease prevalence have been useful in understanding what proportion of disease might be preventable and in informing potential policy interventions in different cultural and economic contexts. Using newly available, harmonized data from 20 countries, we compare disability and morbidity of older adults between the ages of 55 and 74. Methods The Gateway to Global Aging Data, a data and information portal, provides access to easy-to-use individual-level longitudinal data from 10 surveys covering over 30 countries. Exploiting harmonized measures available from the Gateway, we descriptively examine how disability and morbidity differ across countries. Results Significant cross-country differences are observed for several health indicators. Comparing countries with the highest and lowest prevalence rates, we observe that hypertension rates vary twofold and stroke rates vary threefold, while disability and arthritis rates vary more than fivefold. Among women, higher gross domestic product and life expectancy are related to lower diabetes, heart disease, and better functioning. Among men, national indicators of economic conditions are not significantly associated with reported disease prevalence. Conclusions We document substantial heterogeneity in disability and morbidity across countries, separately for men and women and after controlling for population age composition and education. Rich data from various surveys across the world offers remarkable opportunities for cross-country analyses, calling for further investigation of what drives observed differences. The Gateway to Global Aging Data provides easy-to-use harmonized data files and tools to facilitate this type of research. VL - 73 UR - http://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gerona/glx224/4683782http://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/gerona/glx224/22474170/glx224.pdf IS - 11 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Foundations of Activity of Daily Living Trajectories of Older Americans. JF - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Y1 - 2017 A1 - Linda G Martin A1 - Zachary Zimmer A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Age Factors KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Chronic pain KW - cognitive aging KW - Disability Evaluation KW - disease progression KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Individuality KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Statistics as Topic KW - United States AB -

OBJECTIVES: The disablement process can be viewed conceptually as a progression from disease to impairment to functional limitation and finally disability (frequently operationalized as activity limitation). This article assesses the extent to which early phases of the process are associated with individual-level disability trajectories by age.

METHOD: We use data from seven waves of the Health and Retirement Study, 1998 to 2010, to investigate for individuals aged 65-84 years how baseline sociodemographic characteristics and self-reported disease, pain, and functional limitation (physical, cognitive, or sensory) are related to the dynamics of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs). Our modeling approach jointly estimates multiperiod trajectories of ADL limitation and mortality and yields estimates of the number of, shapes of, and factors associated with the most common trajectories.

RESULTS: Individual probability of ADL limitation can best be described by three common trajectories. In comparison with disease, pain, and functional limitation, sociodemographic characteristics have weak associations with trajectory group membership. Notably, neither sex nor education is strongly associated with group membership in multivariate models.

DISCUSSION: The analysis confirms the importance of the early phases of the disablement process and their relationships with subsequent trajectories of activity limitation.

VL - 72 UR - http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/09/01/geronb.gbv074.abstract IS - 1 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26333820?dopt=Abstract U4 - Disability/Disability/Functional health status/Health disparities/Mortality/Transition models ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparison of hypertension healthcare outcomes among older people in the USA and England. JF - J Epidemiol Community Health Y1 - 2016 A1 - Alan Marshall A1 - James Nazroo A1 - Feeney, Kevin A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Vanhoutte, Bram A1 - Pendleton, Neil KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Antihypertensive Agents KW - Blood pressure KW - Cross-Sectional Studies KW - Delivery of Health Care KW - England KW - Female KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Hypertension KW - Logistic Models KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care KW - Prevalence KW - Quality of Life KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - United States AB -

BACKGROUND: The USA and England have very different health systems. Comparing hypertension care outcomes in each country enables an evaluation of the effectiveness of each system.

METHOD: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the Health and Retirement Survey are used to compare the prevalence of controlled, uncontrolled and undiagnosed hypertension within the hypertensive population (diagnosed or measured within the survey data used) aged 50 years and above in the USA and in England.

RESULTS: Controlled hypertension is more prevalent within the hypertensive population in the USA (age 50-64: 0.53 (0.50 to 0.57) and age 65+: 0.51 (0.49 to 0.53)) than in England (age 50-64: 0.45 (0.42 to 0.48) and age 65+: 0.42 (0.40 to 0.45)). This difference is driven by lower undiagnosed hypertension in the USA (age 50-64: 0.18 (0.15-0.21) and age 65+: 0.13 (0.12 to 0.14)) relative to England (age 50-64: 0.26 (0.24 to 0.29) and age 65+: 0.22 (0.20 to 0.24)). The prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension within the hypertensive population is very similar in the USA (age 50-64: 0.29 (0.26 to 0.32) and age 65+: 0.36 (0.34 to 0.38)) and England (age 50-64: 0.29 (0.26 to 0.32) and age 65+: 0.36 (0.34 to 0.39)). Hypertension care outcomes are comparable across US insurance categories. In both countries, undiagnosed hypertension is positively correlated with wealth (ages 50-64). Uncontrolled hypertension declines with rising wealth in the USA.

CONCLUSIONS: Different diagnostic practices are likely to drive the cross-country differences in undiagnosed hypertension. US government health systems perform at least as well as private healthcare and are more equitable in the distribution of care outcomes. Higher undiagnosed hypertension among the affluent may reflect less frequent medical contact.

VL - 70 UR - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26598759 IS - 3 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26598759?dopt=Abstract U4 - ELSA HRS Hypertension Healthcare Universal healthcare ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of Recent Stress and Variation in the Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on Depressive Symptoms: A Repeated-Measures Study of Adults Age 50 and Older. JF - Behavior Genetics Y1 - 2016 A1 - Thalida E. Arpawong A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Drystan F. Phillips A1 - Eileen M. Crimmins A1 - Morgan E. Levine A1 - Carol A Prescott KW - Aged KW - Alleles KW - depression KW - Depressive Disorder KW - Ethnic Groups KW - Female KW - Gene-Environment Interaction KW - Genetic Association Studies KW - Genetic Predisposition to Disease KW - Haplotypes KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide KW - Promoter Regions, Genetic KW - Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins KW - Stress, Psychological AB -

Depending on genetic sensitivity to it, stress may affect depressive symptomatology differentially. Applying the stress-diathesis hypothesis to older adults, we postulate: (1) recent stress will associate with increased depressive symptom levels and (2) this effect will be greater for individuals with at least one short allele of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR). Further, we employ a design that addresses specific limitations of many prior studies that have examined the 5-HTTLPR × SLE relation, by: (a) using a within-person repeated-measures design to address fluctuations that occur within individuals over time, increase power for detecting G × E, and address GE correlation; (b) studying reports of exogenous stressful events (those unlikely to be caused by depression) to help rule out reverse causation and negativity bias, and in order to assess stressors that are more etiologically relevant to depressive symptomatology in older adults. The sample is drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, a U.S. population-based study of older individuals (N = 28,248; mean age = 67.5; 57.3 % female; 80.7 % Non-Hispanic White, 14.9 % Hispanic/Latino, 4.5 % African American; genetic subsample = 12,332), from whom measures of depressive symptoms and exogenous stressors were collected biannually (1994-2010). Variation in the 5-HTTLPR was characterized via haplotype, using two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ordered logit models were constructed to predict levels of depressive symptoms from 5-HTTLPR and stressors, comparing results of the most commonly applied statistical approaches (i.e., comparing allelic and genotypic models, and continuous and categorical predictors) used in the literature. All models were stratified by race/ethnicity. Overall, results show a main effect of recent stress for all ethnic groups, and mixed results for the variation in 5-HTTLPR × stress interaction, contingent upon statistical model used. Findings suggest there may be a differential effect of stressors and 5-HTTLPR on depressive symptoms by ethnicity, but further research is needed, particularly when using a haplotype to characterize variation in 5-HTTLPR in population-based sample with a diverse ethnic composition.

PB - 46 VL - 46 IS - 1 U2 - PMC4720538 U4 - 5-HTTLPR/Depressive symptoms/G/Older adults/Race differences/Stressful life events/Genetic analysis ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Health Effects of Short-Term Fluctuations in Macroeconomic Conditions: The Case of Hypertension for Older Americans. JF - Health Econ Y1 - 2016 A1 - Marco Angrisani A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - Aged KW - Commerce KW - Economic Recession KW - Female KW - Health Status KW - Humans KW - Hypertension KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Surveys and Questionnaires KW - Unemployment KW - United States AB -

We investigate the health effects of short-term macroeconomic fluctuations as described by changes in unemployment rate, house, and stock market price indexes. The 'Great Recession' provides the opportunity to conduct this analysis as it involved contemporaneous shocks to the labor, housing, and stock markets. Using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study over the period 2004-2010, we relate changes in hypertension status to changes in state-level unemployment rate and house prices and to changes in stock market prices. We consider hypertension, a disease related to stress and of high prevalence among older adults, that has received little attention in the literature linking macroeconomic conditions to individual health. Our analysis exploits self-reports of hypertension diagnosis as well as directly measured blood pressure readings. Using both measures, we find that the likelihood of developing hypertension is negatively related to changes in house prices. Also, decreasing house prices lower the probability of stopping hypertension medication treatment for individuals previously diagnosed with the condition. We do not observe significant associations between hypertension and either changes in unemployment rate or stock market prices. We document heterogeneity in the estimated health effects of the recession by gender, education, asset ownership, and work status. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

VL - 25 Suppl 2 UR - http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/hec.3374https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fhec.3374http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/hec.3374/fullpdf U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27870298?dopt=Abstract JO - Health Econ. ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Dimensions of Subjective Well-Being. JF - Soc Indic Res Y1 - 2015 A1 - Arie Kapteyn A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Caroline Tassot A1 - Hana Vonkova A1 - Gema Zamarro AB -

We use two waves of a population based survey (the RAND American Life Panel) to investigate the relations between various evaluative and experienced well-being measures based on the English Longitudinal Study of Aging, the Gallup Wellbeing Index, and a 12-item hedonic well-being module of the Health and Retirement Study. In a randomized set-up we administered several versions of the survey with different response scales. Using factor analysis, we find that all evaluative measures load on the same factor, but the positive and negative experienced affect measures load on different factors. We find evidence of an effect of response scales on both the estimated number of underlying factors and their relations with demographics. We conclude that finer response scales allowing more nuanced answers offer more reliability. The relation of evaluative and experienced measures with demographics are very different; perhaps the most striking aspect is the lack of a consistent relation of experienced well-being measures with income, while evaluative well-being is strongly positively related with income.

PB - 123 VL - 123 IS - 3 N1 - Export Date: 20 January 2015 Article in Press U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26316674?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC4543406 U4 - Life satisfaction/Life satisfaction/Response scales/Subjective well-being/ELSA_/cross-national comparison/hedonic well-being/Factor analysis/Income ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Disparity in dental coverage among older adult populations: a comparative analysis across selected European countries and the USA JF - International Dental Journal Y1 - 2015 A1 - Richard J. Manski A1 - John F Moeller A1 - Haiyan Chen A1 - Widstrom, Eeva A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Listl, Stefan KW - Cross-National KW - Healthcare KW - Insurance KW - Public Policy AB - Background Insurance against the cost of preventing and treating oral diseases can reduce inequities in dental-care use and oral health. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of variation in dental insurance coverage for older adult populations within and between the USA and various European countries. Method The analyses relied on 2006 2007 data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and on 2004 2006 data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the USA for respondents 51 years of age and older. A series of logistic regression models was estimated to identify disparities in dental coverage. Results The highest extent of significant insurance differences between various population subgroups was found for the USA. In comparison with southern and eastern European countries, a lower number of significant differences in coverage was found for Scandinavian countries. Countries categorised as having comprehensive public insurance coverage showed a tendency towards less insurance variation within their populations than did countries categorised as not having comprehensive public coverage. The exceptions were Poland and Switzerland. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that significant variations in dental coverage exist within all elderly populations examined and that the extent of inequalities also differs between countries. By and large, the observed variations corroborate the perception that population dental coverage is more equally distributed under public subsidy. This could be relevant information for decision makers who seek to improve policies in order to provide more equitable dental coverage. VL - 65 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/idj.12139 IS - 2 U4 - SHARE/cross-national comparison/Dental insurance coverage/dental Care/Public Policy/Oral health ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The Effect of Using Different Imputation Methods for Economic Variables in Aging Surveys Y1 - 2015 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Erik Meijer A1 - Drystan F. Phillips KW - Income KW - Methodology AB - We study the sensitivity of analyses on income and wealth to the methods of imputation for missing data. We do so by implementing a conditional hot-deck imputation, based on the method used by the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, in the Health and Retirement Study. We compare marginal and joint distributions and regression models estimated from data using these imputations to the same statistics estimated from the RAND HRS data, which use a much more elaborate imputation method, and to estimates from data using an intermediate method. Although many results are qualitatively or quantitatively similar, there are also notable differences. PB - Los Angeles, University of Southern California U4 - missing data/measurement of income and wealth/Health and Retirement Study ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Does Retirement Make You Happy? A Simultaneous Equations Approach Y1 - 2014 A1 - Raquel Fonseca A1 - Arie Kapteyn A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Gema Zamarro KW - Depressive symptoms KW - Income KW - Life Satisfaction KW - Retirement AB - Continued improvements in life expectancy and fiscal insolvency of public pensions have led to increased pension entitlement ages in several countries, but its consequences for subjective well-being are largely unknown. Financial consequences of retirement complicate the estimation of effects of retirement on well-being as financial circumstances may influence well-being, so the effects of retirement may be confounded by income changes. Also, unobservable determinants of income are probably related with unobservable determinants of well-being, making income possibly endogenous if used as control in well-being regressions. To address these issues, we estimate a simultaneous model of retirement, income, and subjective well-being while accounting for time effects and unobserved individual effects. Public pension arrangements (replacement rates, eligibility rules for early and full retirement) serve as instrumental variables. We use data from HRS and SHARE from 2004 to 2010. We find that depressive symptoms are negatively related to retirement while life satisfaction is positively related. Remarkably, income does not seem to affect depression or life satisfaction. This contrasts with correlations in the raw data showing significant relations between income and depression and life satisfaction. This suggests that accounting for the endogeneity of income in equations explaining depression or life satisfaction is important. JF - MRRC Working Paper PB - Michigan Retirement Research Center, University of Michigan CY - Ann Arbor UR - https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/pdf/wp310.pdf ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A polygenic risk score associated with measures of depressive symptoms among older adults. JF - Biodemography Soc Biol Y1 - 2014 A1 - Morgan E. Levine A1 - Eileen M. Crimmins A1 - Carol A Prescott A1 - Drystan F. Phillips A1 - Thalida E. Arpawong A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Depressive Disorder, Major KW - Female KW - Genetic Predisposition to Disease KW - Genetic Variation KW - Genome-Wide Association Study KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Multifactorial Inheritance KW - Odds Ratio KW - Risk Factors AB -

It has been suggested that depression is a polygenic trait, arising from the influences of multiple loci with small individual effects. The aim of this study is to generate a polygenic risk score (PRS) to examine the association between genetic variation and depressive symptoms. Our analytic sample included N = 10,091 participants aged 50 and older from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Depressive symptoms were measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CESD) scores assessed on up to nine occasions across 18 years. We conducted a genome-wide association analysis for a discovery set (n = 7,000) and used the top 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, all with p < 10(-5) to generate a weighted PRS for our replication sample (n = 3,091). Results showed that the PRS was significantly associated with mean CESD score in the replication sample (β = .08, p = .002). The R(2) change for the inclusion of the PRS was .003. Using a multinomial logistic regression model, we also examined the association between genetic risk and chronicity of high (4+) CESD scores. We found that a one-standard-deviation increase in PRS was associated with a 36 percent increase in the odds of having chronically high CESD scores relative to never having had high CESD scores. Our findings are consistent with depression being a polygenic trait and suggest that the cumulative influence of multiple variants increases an individual's susceptibility for chronically experiencing high levels of depressive symptoms.

PB - 60 VL - 60 IS - 2 N1 - Times Cited: 0 SI 0 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25343367?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC4298361 U4 - GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION/INDIVIDUAL GENETIC RISK/MAJOR DEPRESSION/DISEASE RISK/HERITABILITY/genetics/genetics/depression/Depressive Symptoms/CES Depression Scale/CES Depression Scale/regression Analysis ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Does Retirement Induced through Social Security Pension Eligibility Influence Subjective Well-being? A Cross-Country Comparison Y1 - 2013 A1 - Arie Kapteyn A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Gema Zamarro KW - Cross-National KW - Expectations KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction KW - SHARE AB - How does retirement influence subjective well-being? Some studies suggest retirement does not affect subjective well-being or may improve it. Others suggest it adversely affects it. This paper aims at advancing our understanding of the effect of retirement on subjective well-being by (1) using longitudinal data to tease out the retirement effect from age and cohort differences; (2) using instrumental variables to address potential reverse causation of subjective well-being on retirement decisions; and (3) conducting cross-country analyses, exploiting differences in eligibility ages for retirement benefits across countries and within countries. We use panel data from the US Health and Retirement Study and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. This allows us to use a quasi-experimental approach where variations in public pension eligibility due to country and cohort specific retirement ages help identify retirement effects. For both the U.S. and Europe we find that retirement is associated with higher levels of depression. However, when we use instrumental variables we find the opposite result. Retirement induced through Social Security pension eligibility is found to have a positive effect, reducing depression symptoms, although only marginally significant for the U.S. when considering the depression indicator. Retirement is not found to have a significant effect on life satisfaction measures for either the U.S. or Europe. PB - Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Retirement Research Center UR - https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/does-retirement-induced-through-social-security-pension-eligibility-influence-subjective-well-being-a-cross-country-comparison-3/ U4 - subjective well-being/Depression/cross-national comparison/retirement planning/SHARE ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Financial Transfer Y1 - 2012 A1 - Julie M Zissimopoulos A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Joanna Carroll KW - CHARLS KW - Cross-National KW - ELSA KW - JSTAR KW - KLoSA KW - LASI KW - Methodology KW - SHARE AB - This paper summarizes and compares measures of financial transfers in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and its sister surveys from other countries: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR), the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI). The authors analyze and discuss the extent, to which these measures are comparable, the methodological differences in the way information was collected for these measures, and the implications for secondary data analysis. This paper is one in a series of similar papers, each comparing different domains (e.g., chronic medical conditions, cognition, employment and retirement, expectations income, and wealth) across these surveys with an aim to encourage rigorous, cross-national and international comparison research on aging populations. JF - RAND Working Paper PB - RAND Corporation CY - Santa Monica, CA U4 - cross-national comparison/ELSA_/SHARE/CHARLS/KLOSA/JSTAR/Methodology ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Cognition Y1 - 2012 A1 - Regina A Shih A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Lopamudra Das KW - CHARLS KW - Cross-National KW - ELSA KW - IFLS KW - JSTAR KW - KLoSA KW - LASI KW - Methodology KW - MHAS KW - SAGE KW - SHARE KW - TILDA AB - This paper summarizes and compares measures of cognitive health and decline in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and its sister surveys from other countries: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR), the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS), the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA), Study on Global Aging (SAGE), and the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI). The authors analyze and discuss the extent to which these measures are comparable, the methodological differences in the way information was collected for these measures, and the implications for secondary data analysis. This paper is one in a series of similar papers, each comparing different domains (e.g., chronic medical conditions, employment and retirement, expectations, transfers, income, and wealth) across these surveys with an aim to encourage rigorous, cross-national and international comparison research on aging populations JF - RAND Working Paper PB - RAND Corporation CY - Santa Monica, CA U4 - cross-national comparison/ELSA_/SHARE/CHARLS/KLOSA/JSTAR/TILDA/Methodology ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Income Measures Y1 - 2012 A1 - Marco Angrisani A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - CHARLS KW - Cross-National KW - ELSA KW - IFLS KW - JSTAR KW - KLoSA KW - LASI KW - Methodology KW - SHARE KW - TILDA AB - This paper summarizes and compares measures of household and individual income in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and its sister surveys from other countries: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), the Japanese Study on Aging and Retirement (JSTAR), the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), The Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging (TILDA), the Chinese Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI). The authors analyze and discuss the extent, to which these measures are comparable, the methodological differences in the way information was collected for these measures, and the implications for secondary data analysis. This paper is one in a series of similar papers, each comparing different domains (e.g., chronic medical conditions, cognition, expectations, transfers, and wealth) across these surveys with an aim to encourage rigorous, cross-national and international comparison research on aging populations. JF - RAND Working Paper PB - RAND Corporation CY - Santa Monica, CA, U4 - cross-national comparison/ELSA_/SHARE/CHARLS/KLOSA/JSTAR/TILDA/Methodology ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Data sets on pensions and health: Data collection and sharing for policy design. JF - Int Soc Secur Rev Y1 - 2010 A1 - Jinkook Lee AB -

A growing number of countries are developing or reforming pension and health policies in response to population ageing and to enhance the welfare of their citizens. The adoption of different policies by different countries has resulted in several natural experiments. These offer unusual opportunities to examine the effects of varying policies on health and retirement, individual and family behaviour, and well-being. Realizing these opportunities requires harmonized data-collection efforts. An increasing number of countries have agreed to provide data harmonized with the Health and Retirement Study in the United States. This article discusses these data sets, including their key parameters of pension and health status, research designs, samples, and response rates. It also discusses the opportunities they offer for cross-national studies and their implications for policy evaluation and development.

PB - 63 VL - 63 IS - 3-4 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26229178?dopt=Abstract U4 - Pensions/Harmonization/Retirement/Health Policy/Social Welfare/Public Policy ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A Longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Health Shocks on the Wealth of Elders JF - Journal of Population Economics Y1 - 2008 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Hyungsoo Kim KW - Demographics KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Net Worth and Assets AB - We investigate the impact of health shocks on wealth, using all four waves of the Health and Retirement Study, and estimate not only the short-term effect but also the long-term effect of health shocks on wealth of the elderly. We find that new health events lower wealth in elders during the period in which such health shocks occur, but the impact tends to disappear over time. We also find that health shocks result in greater wealth depletion when they occur later in life. Together with existing health problems, the overall impact of health problems on wealth increases over time. PB - 21 VL - 21 IS - 1 U4 - Elderly/Health Shocks/Wealth ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Impact of Age and Health on Vehicle Choices among Elders JF - Journal of Family and Economic Issues Y1 - 2006 A1 - Hyungsoo Kim A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Kim, Doh-Khul KW - Consumption and Savings KW - Health Conditions and Status AB - We examine older Americans choice of vehicle types and the impact of age and health status on this choice. Using the 1998 and 2000 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the 2001 HRS Consumption and Activities Mail Survey (CAMS), we estimate a multinomial logit model of older Americans choice of vehicle types. We find that both age and health status influence the type of vehicle purchased or leased. Compared to Americans aged 50 59, those aged 70 or older prefer passenger cars to trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs). We also find that elders with health problems are more likely to prefer SUVs to passenger cars than those without health problems. PB - 27 VL - 27 IS - 3 U4 - Consumer Economics/Automobile Driving/aging ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The Impact of Comorbidity on Wealth Changes in Later Life JF - Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences Y1 - 2006 A1 - Hyungsoo Kim A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - Demographics KW - Healthcare KW - Net Worth and Assets AB - Despite the high prevalence of comorbidity in later life, scientists do not fully understand its financial impact. The objective of this study was to enhance researchers' understanding of the impact of compounded health problems on the wealth of older people. Using data from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old study (1995 to 2002 waves), we conducted ordinary least squares regression analysis on wealth changes. We found that comorbidity leads to significant wealth depletion in later life, especially for single elders. Single elders with comorbidity depleted 20 to 22 of their wealth over a 2- to 3-year time period, especially those with the combination of heart disease and diabetes. The impact of comorbidity was disproportionately greater than the estimated impact of a single health problem. However, the impact of comorbidity did not appear to be significant among married people. We found that compounded health problems also create compounded financial problems in later life. For an accurate estimation of the financial consequences of health problems, it is important to consider comorbid health problems, as the effect of comorbidity is not equal to the sum of the effects of single health problems. PB - 61B VL - 61B UR - http://psychsoc.gerontologyjournals.org/ IS - 6 U4 - HEALTH-CARE COSTS/Wealth/Elderly ER - TY - RPRT T1 - The Link between Individual Expectations and Savings: Do Nursing Home Expectations Matter? Y1 - 2006 A1 - Kristin J. Kleinjans A1 - Jinkook Lee KW - Expectations KW - nursing home KW - Savings AB - Preparing for the end of life, especially for the prospect of needing long-term are, is an important issue facing older Americans. Those who reach age 65 have a 40% chance of going into a nursing home in their remaining lifetime, and about 10% of those who do will stay there for at least five years. The costs of a stay are high with on average US$70,000 annually for a private room. Long-term stays in nursing homes are, therefore, not likely, but very expensive. In this paper, we examine individual expectations about future nursing home entry and study the relationship between these expectations and savings behavior, using data from the Health and Retirement Study. We find a clear relation between subjective expectations and probability of future nursing home entry, and a positive effect of these expectations on savings behavior. Surprisingly, we find no difference of this effect by wealth group, so it seems that Medicaid eligibility in the context of nursing home entry plays no factor in the decision to save. JF - University of Aarhus Department of Economics Working Paper PB - University of Aarhus CY - Aarhus, Denmark ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Medicaid and Family Wealth Transfer JF - The Gerontologist Y1 - 2006 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Hyungsoo Kim A1 - Tanenbaum, Sandra KW - Adult children KW - Medicare/Medicaid/Health Insurance AB - Purpose: This study examines whether the relationship between making familial wealth transfers and becoming a Medicaid recipient sheds light on the current debate about Medicaid estate planning, whereby some elders transfer their assets to their families to qualify for Medicaid. Design and Methods: Using the Health and Retirement Study, we tracked a national sample of community-based elders who did not receive Medicaid at the 1993 baseline interview but became Medicaid recipients during a 10-year time period and examined wealth transfers for these new Medicaid beneficiaries. Results: Among elders aged 70 or older who did not receive Medicaid in 1993, 16.4 became Medicaid recipients over 10 years. Among these new Medicaid recipients, 17.9 transferred their wealth to family members before receiving Medicaid benefits, with an average transfer amount of 8,507 during the 2 years prior to receiving Medicaid benefits. In addition, 15.2 of community-residing elders entered a nursing home during the 10-year period, and 26.3 of these were covered by Medicaid. Of these new Medicaid recipients living in nursing homes, 12.6 transferred wealth to their families in the mean amount of 4,112. Implications: Familial wealth transfers do occur before changes in Medicaid eligibility in a small, but nontrivial, number of cases, but the amount transferred is modest, especially among nursing home residents. This finding implies that policies to reduce Medicaid long-term-care expenditures by limiting such transfers may not be very effective. PB - 46 VL - 46 UR - http://gerontologist.gerontologyjournals.org/ IS - 1 U4 - Medicaid/Estate Values/Family transfers, structure ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Unequal Effects of Elders' Health Problems on Wealth Depletion across Race and Ethnicity. JF - J Consum Aff Y1 - 2005 A1 - Hyungsoo Kim A1 - Jinkook Lee AB -

We investigate the impact of health on wealth depletion of African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white elders. Using the data from 4,464 elderly households that participated in both the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old and the 1998 Health and Retirement Study, we find that health problems contribute to wealth depletion differently across elders in different racial and ethnic groups. We draw policy implications from the findings regarding ways to help consumers protect their financial security from health shocks in later life.

PB - 39 VL - 39 IS - 1 N1 - ProCite field 3 : U KY; OH State U U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16773142?dopt=Abstract U4 - Health Care Costs/Health Care Utilization/Economics of the Elderly/Handicapped/Minorities/Non-labor Discrimination/Health ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An Examination of the Impact of Health on Wealth Depletion of the Elderly JF - The Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences Y1 - 2003 A1 - Jinkook Lee A1 - Hyungsoo Kim KW - Demographics KW - Healthcare KW - Net Worth and Assets AB - Objectives. This study investigates the effects of new health events and existing health conditions on wealth depletion in elderly individuals. Methods. A model deriving from life-cycle theory is proposed and estimated using Waves 1 and 2 of the Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest Old (AHEAD) data set. Results. Both new health events and existing health conditions significantly influence wealth depletion of elders, but their impacts differ across marital status. Whereas an occurrence of new health events brought wealth depletion of elders in married households, having existing chronic health conditions was associated with wealth depletion of elders in single households. Discussion. Poor health, both a new health event and existing chronic conditions, leads to considerable wealth depletion in elderly individuals. Considering the significant impacts of health on wealth, the public needs to be better informed of potential health events in later life and the associated financial burden. Additional health insurance plays an important role in preventing elders from financial hardship. PB - 58B VL - 58B UR - http://psychsoc.gerontologyjournals.org/ IS - 2 U4 - Wealth/Elderly/Health Care Costs ER -