TY - JOUR T1 - DOES INCIDENT CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE LEAD TO GREATER ODDS OF DISABILITY? INSIGHTS FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY JF - Journal of the American College of Cardiology Y1 - 2023 A1 - Katherine L. Stone A1 - Judy Zhong A1 - Chen Lyu A1 - Joshua Chodosh A1 - Nina Blachman A1 - John A. Dodson KW - Cardiovascular disease VL - 81 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Urban neighbourhood unemployment history and depressive symptoms over time among late middle age and older adults. JF - J Epidemiol Community Health Y1 - 2013 A1 - Richard G Wight A1 - Carol S Aneshensel A1 - Barrett, Christopher A1 - Michelle J Ko A1 - Joshua Chodosh A1 - Arun S Karlamangla KW - Age Factors KW - depression KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Logistic Models KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Multilevel Analysis KW - Residence Characteristics KW - Retirement KW - Risk Factors KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Stress, Psychological KW - Surveys and Questionnaires KW - Time Factors KW - Unemployment KW - United States KW - Urban Population AB -

BACKGROUND: Little is known about how a neighbourhood's unemployment history may set the stage for depressive symptomatology. This study examines the effects of urban neighbourhood unemployment history on current depressive symptoms and subsequent symptom trajectories among residentially stable late middle age and older adults. Contingent effects between neighbourhood unemployment and individual-level employment status (ie, cross-level interactions) are also assessed.

METHODS: Individual-level survey data are from four waves (2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006) of the original cohort of the nationally representative US Health and Retirement Study. Neighbourhoods are operationalised with US Census tracts for which historical average proportion unemployed between 1990 and 2000 and change in proportion unemployed between 1990 and 2000 are used to characterise the neighbourhood's unemployment history. Hierarchical linear regressions estimate three-level (time, individual and neighbourhood) growth models.

RESULTS: Symptoms in 2000 are highest among those residing in neighbourhoods characterised by high historical average unemployment beginning in 1990 and increasing unemployment between 1990 and 2000, net of a wide range of socio-demographic controls including individual-level employment status. These neighbourhood unemployment effects are not contingent upon individual-level employment status in 2000. 6-year trajectories of depressive symptoms decrease over time on average but are not significantly influenced by the neighbourhood's unemployment history.

CONCLUSIONS: Given the current US recession, future studies that do not consider historical employment conditions may underestimate the mental health impact of urban neighbourhood context. The findings suggest that exposure to neighbourhood unemployment earlier in life may be consequential to mental health later in life.

PB - 67 VL - 67 IS - 2 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22918896?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC3681821 U4 - Depressive Symptoms/depression/neighborhood Characteristics/employment status/mental Health/labor Force Participation/Socioeconomic Factors/Great Recession ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The urban neighborhood and cognitive functioning in late middle age. JF - J Health Soc Behav Y1 - 2011 A1 - Carol S Aneshensel A1 - Michelle J Ko A1 - Joshua Chodosh A1 - Richard G Wight KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Age Factors KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Chi-Square Distribution KW - Cognition KW - Cognition Disorders KW - ethnicity KW - Female KW - Health Status Disparities KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Psychometrics KW - Residence Characteristics KW - Risk Factors KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - United States KW - Urban Population AB -

This study examines the association of cognitive functioning with urban neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and racial/ethnic segregation for a U.S. national sample of persons in late middle age, a time in the life course when cognitive deficits begin to emerge. The key hypothesis is that effects of neighborhood on cognitive functioning are not uniform but are most pronounced among subgroups of the population defined by socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Data are from the third wave of the Health and Retirement Survey for the birth cohort of 1931 to 1941, which was 55 to 65 years of age in 1996 (analytic N = 4,525), and the 1990 U.S. Census. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage has an especially large negative impact on cognitive functioning among persons who are themselves poor, an instance of compound disadvantage. These findings have policy implications supporting "upstream" interventions to enhance cognitive functioning, especially among those most adversely affected by neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage.

PB - 52 VL - 52 IS - 2 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673145?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC3152319 U4 - Segregation/Cognitive ability/Cognition/reasoning ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Trajectories of cognitive function in late life in the United States: demographic and socioeconomic predictors. JF - Am J Epidemiol Y1 - 2009 A1 - Arun S Karlamangla A1 - Miller-Martinez, Dana A1 - Carol S Aneshensel A1 - Teresa Seeman A1 - Richard G Wight A1 - Joshua Chodosh KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Aging KW - Black or African American KW - Cognition KW - Confidence Intervals KW - Education KW - Female KW - Geriatric Assessment KW - Hispanic or Latino KW - Humans KW - Income KW - Male KW - Marital Status KW - Mexican Americans KW - Poverty KW - Sampling Studies KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Surveys and Questionnaires KW - United States KW - White People AB -

This study used mixed-effects modeling of data from a national sample of 6,476 US adults born before 1924, who were tested 5 times between 1993 and 2002 on word recall, serial 7's, and other mental status items to determine demographic and socioeconomic predictors of trajectories of cognitive function in older Americans. Mean decline with aging in total cognition score (range, 0-35; standard deviation, 6.00) was 4.1 (0.68 standard deviations) per decade (95% confidence interval: 3.8, 4.4) and in recall score (range, 0-20; standard deviation, 3.84) was 2.3 (0.60 standard deviations) per decade (95% confidence interval: 2.1, 2.5). Older cohorts (compared with younger cohorts), women (compared with men), widows/widowers, and those never married (both compared with married individuals) declined faster, and non-Hispanic blacks (compared with non-Hispanic whites) and those in the bottom income quintile (compared with the top quintile) declined slower. Race and income differences in rates of decline were not sufficient to offset larger differences in baseline cognition scores. Educational level was not associated with rate of decline in cognition scores. The authors concluded that ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in cognitive function in older Americans arise primarily from differences in peak cognitive performance achieved earlier in the life course and less from declines in later life.

PB - 170 VL - 170 IS - 3 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19605514?dopt=Abstract U2 - PMC2727175 U4 - Cognition/health outcomes/Socioeconomic Factors ER -