TY - JOUR T1 - Positive, Negative, and Ambivalent Interactions With Family and Friends: Associations With Well-being JF - Journal of Marriage and Family Y1 - 2016 A1 - Lee, Hyo Jung A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Health Conditions and Status AB - Although the relationship between social relationships and mental health is well established, debate continues about the relative importance of specific sources (spouses, children, relatives, friends) as well as of positive and negative interactions. The authors examined the associations of positive, negative, and ambivalent interactions with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms for spouses, children, relatives, and friends, using data from the 2008 Health and Retirement Study (N = 6,418). The findings generally showed positive associations between positive interactions and mental health and negative associations between negative or ambivalent interactions and mental health. These associations were most pronounced for relationships with spouses and children. Gender differences were found in life satisfaction but not in depressive symptoms. These results imply that future research on older adults needs to consider both positive and negative relationship features from diverse sources separately and in combination to disentangle their relative effects and their additive or compensatory potential. PB - 78 VL - 78 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12302 IS - 3 U4 - aging/ambivalence/families in middle or later life/mental health/social strains/social supports ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Did the Great Recession Influence Retirement Plans? JF - Research on Aging Y1 - 2015 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey A1 - Lauren Martin KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Pensions KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - The recent recession constitutes one of the macro forces that may have influenced workers retirement plans. We evaluate a multilevel model that addresses the influence of macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors on retirement plans, changes in these plans, and expected retirement age. Using data from Waves 8 and 9 of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2,618), we find that individuals with defined benefit plans are more prone to change toward plans to stop work before the stock market declined, whereas the opposite trend holds for those without pensions. Debts, ability to reduce work hours, and firm unionization also influenced retirement plans. Findings suggest retirement planning education may be particularly important for workers without defined pensions, especially in times of economic volatility. PB - 37 VL - 37 UR - http://roa.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/04/22/0164027514530171.abstract IS - 3 U4 - retirement/pensions/gradual retirement/older worker/employment ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Fact Sheet: Cohort Differences in Parental Survival Y1 - 2014 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Adult children KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Healthcare AB - Increases in longevity and especially increased survival into very old age have implications not only for individuals own life course but also for that of their families. For example, if parents survive into very old age they will have more opportunities not only to become grandparents but also great-grandparents and to experience these family roles for a longer time period (the so-called beanpole family ). From their adult children s perspective, longer survival of parents also can mean that needs for companionship arising from one parent s widow(er)hood will be postponed into their adult children s later years, possibly after the child s retirement. Similarly, because spouses typically function as primary caregivers for their partners, primary caregiving roles on the part of adult children may be postponed into children s later years if both parents survive into very old age. Despite considerable evidence documenting increases in longevity, little research has been devoted to parental survival among adult children from the World War II babies and baby boom cohorts. We present data comparing parental survival across four cohorts of adult children using data from Health and Retirement Study (HRS). PB - Boston, ScholarWorks, University of Massachusetts Boston U4 - Longevity/caregiver burden/caregiving/adult Children/parental care/parental survival ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Fact Sheet: Cohort Differences in Parents Illness and Nursing Home Use Y1 - 2014 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Health Conditions and Status KW - Healthcare KW - Medicare/Medicaid/Health Insurance AB - Surviving parents of the war baby and baby boom cohorts are now reaching very old age. Given their increased longevity and postponement of morbidity into very old age (see Fact Sheets on parental mortality and care needs), it is essential to estimate whether and to what extent these parents will require informal or formal care. Such care is typically most burdensome and costly if it involves long-lasting illness prior to death. Furthermore, Medicare and especially Medicaid expenditures will depend on whether or not these parents require nursing home care. To obtain some estimates of the prevalence of long-lasting illness and nursing home care among these groups of parents, we investigated reports of parental illness preceding death and nursing home placement from four cohorts of adult children, using data from the Health and Retirement Study. PB - Boston, ScholarWorks, University of Massachusetts Boston U4 - caregiver burden/caregiving/Medicaid/medicare/nursing home/Long Term Care/long-lasting illness ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Recession and Expected Retirement Age: Another Look at the Evidence JF - Gerontologist Y1 - 2014 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Lauren Martin A1 - Adam Davey KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - End of life decisions KW - Income KW - Pensions KW - Public Policy KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - Purpose: This article expands on earlier analyses that assessed whether the recent recession influenced retirement expectations. Design and Methods: Acknowledging that planning for retirement is a complex process influenced by personal preferences, resources, economic factors, institutional policies, and social norms, we test more comprehensive models than those used in previous studies, using data from the 2006 and 2008 waves (Waves 8 and 9) of the Health and Retirement Study. Results: Our results confirm that economic changes impinge on retirement expectations, but they also show stronger influences of other factors such as debts and the work environment. Implications: As the baby boom cohorts approach retirement age, it will be important to better understand how workers consider macro factors such as the state of the economy and firm-level factors and personal finances when planning for retirement. PB - 54 VL - 54 IS - 2 N1 - Times Cited: 0 U4 - Retirement/Workforce issues/Income/pension/OLDER WORKERS/GREAT RECESSION/PLANS/DECISIONS ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Changes in adult children's participation in parent care JF - Ageing and Society Y1 - 2013 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adult children KW - Healthcare AB - Care-giving research has focused on primary care-givers and relied on cross-sectional data. This approach neglects the dynamic and systemic character of care-giver networks. Our analyses address changes in care-givers and care networks over a two-year period using pooled data from the US Health and Retirement Study, 1992-2000. Based on a matrix of specific adult-child care-givers across two consecutive time-points, we assess changes in any adult-child care-giver and examine the predictors of change. A change in care-giver occurred in about two-fifths of care-giving networks. Ability to provide care based on geographical proximity, availability of alternative care-givers, and gender play primary roles in the stability of care networks. Results underline the need to shift care-giving research toward a dynamic and systemic perspective. PB - 33 VL - 33 UR - http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/docview/1321173957?accountid=14667 IS - 4 N1 - Copyright - Copyright Cambridge University Press 2012 Document feature - References Last updated - 2013-04-19 CODEN - AGSOD9 DOI - 2929542811; 76658942; 14190; AGSOD9; PANS; CBVPPANS10.1017/S0144686X12000177 U4 - Older parents/Caregivers/Intergenerational effects/Intergenerational effects/caregiver Status/Transfers ER - TY - RPRT T1 - Fact Sheet: What Influences Plans to Work after Ages 62 and 65? Y1 - 2013 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Expectations KW - Public Policy KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - Timing of retirement and, implicitly, plans to work in later life have great policy relevance. They affect Social Security expenditures, employers pension expenditures, as well as labor force supply and demand. In light of the recent recession, it is particularly important to explore whether economic downturns and workers financial status influence their later-life work plans. To answer this question, we analyzed data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which included questions about expectations to work full-time after age 62 and age 65. PB - Boston, MA, University of Massachusetts Boston U4 - retirement planning/Public Policy/expectations/labor Force ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Prevalence and predictors of change in adult-child primary caregivers JF - International journal of aging and human development Y1 - 2013 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adult children KW - Healthcare KW - Public Policy AB - Family caregiving research is increasingly contextual and dynamic, but few studies have examined prevalence and predictors of change in primary caregivers, those with the most frequent contact with healthcare professionals. We identified prevalence and predictors of 2-year change in primary adult-child caregivers. Data pooled from the 1992-2000 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) represent 1,068 parent-level care occasions and 3,616 child-level occasions. There is considerable 2-year stability in primary adult-child caregivers. Parents are more prone to experience a change in adult-child primary caregivers if they live by themselves and if they have more sons and daughters. As far as the adult children are concerned, daughters and children living closer to parents are more likely to remain primary caregivers. Results suggest that change in primary caregivers is more strongly associated with available alternatives and gender norms than burden and competing obligations. PB - 76 VL - 76 UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84880056874andpartnerID=40andmd5=ad81c47215233f14a9e09dd44972d248 IS - 3 N1 - Export Date: 24 September 2013 Source: Scopus U4 - caregiving/transfers/health care policy/primary caregivers/adult Children ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Stability and change in financial transfers from adult children to older parents. JF - Can J Aging Y1 - 2012 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adult children KW - Aged KW - Female KW - Financial Support KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Parent-Child Relations KW - Parents AB -

We sought to identify the extent and predictors of longitudinal changes in adult children's financial assistance to parents and in transfer networks over a two-year period. Analyses rely on pooled data from 1994 to 2000 of the Health and Retirement Study, using families in which adult children with no more than four siblings financially supported parents over two years. Change in the help network occurred in about 40 per cent of these families over the two-year period. When change occurred, it most commonly involved cessation of support by a child, followed by addition of another child to the network, whereas exchange of supporting children was relatively rare. Change reflected children's ability to provide care and the burden created by parents' needs. However, the size and composition of the adult-child network and of the initial support group also played an important role. Results highlight the dynamic and systemic nature of intergenerational financial networks.

PB - 31 VL - 31 IS - 4 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23217582?dopt=Abstract U4 - Financial assistance/intergenerational Transfers/parent Child Relations/adult Children/help network ER - TY - THES T1 - The effects of childbearing patterns on the timing of retirement T2 - Gerontology Y1 - 2010 A1 - Chung, Hsiao-Yin KW - Adult children KW - Employment and Labor Force KW - Methodology KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - The effects of childbearing patterns on the timing of men's and women's retirement were examined. The data for this study come from the Health and Retirement Study, waves 1-7: 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2004. A proportional hazard model (Cox regression) was chosen for this study. Two measures of retirement were considered: labor force exit and self-defined retirement. The results indicated that men with dependent children are more likely to postpone the timing of labor force exit and their self-definition as retired. At the same time, the study indicated that the presence (or absence) and timing of early childbearing experience has a long-term effect on the timing of retirement in later life. In particular, for both men and women, childbearing factors associated with a greater family burden in early life (e.g., parenthood and early childbearing) are related to a later labor force exit. The number of children, however, only affects the timing of women's labor force exit. JF - Gerontology PB - University of Massachusetts Boston VL - Ph.D. UR - http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=3&sid=1&srchmode=1&vinst=PROD&fmt=6&startpage=-1&clientid=17822&vname=PQD&RQT=309&did=2237215111&scaling=FULL&ts=1296216197&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1303156961&clientId=17822 U4 - Self-defined retirement JO - The effects of childbearing patterns on the timing of retirement ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Division of Parent Care Between Spouses JF - Ageing and Society Y1 - 2008 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adult children KW - Demographics KW - Healthcare AB - Research on the division of family work has focused on household work and child-care to the exclusion of other domains, whereas studies on care-giving for older people typically ignore spouses support to care-givers. In this paper we apply an approach that is typical of research on spouses division of family work in caring for parents, in that the theoretical model focuses on the cultural mandates that guide spouses division of care, namely gender ideologies about appropriate roles, kinship obligations, and taboos against cross-gender personal care. Other predictors of the spousal division of care drawn from economic and health-care utilisation models are also examined. The analyses use pooled data on 1,449 care occasions from the first five waves of the US Health and Retirement Study. It was found that most couples to some extent share parent care, and that the involvement of husbands depended on a complex interplay of cultural mandates and contexts. Husbands participated most in personal care for parents if the care was mandated by kinship obligations (they cared more for their own than their wife s parents), and by cross-gender care taboos (they cared more for fathers than mothers). Other cultural contexts (such as race), a spouse s other commitments, health-related ability, resources (including support from the parents other children), and care-burden also played a role. The findings demonstrate that decisions to care for parents emerge from complex negotiations among spouses and their children and siblings or, in other words, that parental care is a family endeavour. PB - 28 VL - 28 IS - 4 U4 - Caregiving/Family Characteristics/GENDER-DIFFERENCES/Spouses ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Changes in adult child caregiver networks. JF - Gerontologist Y1 - 2007 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adult KW - Caregivers KW - Child KW - Child Care KW - Community Networks KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Socioeconomic factors AB -

PURPOSE: Caregiving research has typically relied on cross-sectional data that focus on the primary caregiver. This approach neglects the dynamic and systemic character of caregiver networks. Our analyses addressed changes in adult child care networks over a 2-year period.

DESIGN AND METHODS: The study relied on pooled data from Waves 1 through 5 of the Health and Retirement Study. Based on a matrix of specific adult child caregivers across two consecutive time points, we assessed changes in any adult child caregiver as well as in the primary adult child caregiver.

RESULTS: More than half of all adult-child care networks, including more than one fourth of primary adult child caregivers, changed between waves. Gender composition of the caregiver network and availability of other adult child caregivers were particularly important for network change, but socioeconomic context, caregiver abilities and resources, and caregiver burden played a role as well.

IMPLICATIONS: The results underline the need to shift caregiving research toward a dynamic life course and family systems perspective. They also raise concerns about the viability of informal care networks for future smaller birth cohorts and suggest that health care providers need to recognize and address coordination and potential conflicts among care network members.

PB - 47 VL - 47 IS - 3 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565093?dopt=Abstract U3 - 17565093 U4 - Caregiving/Adult Children ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Commentary: The Future of Intergenerational Relationships--Variability and Vulnerabilities T2 - Social Structures: The impact of demographic changes on the well-being of older persons Y1 - 2007 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz ED - K. Warner Schaie ED - Uhlenberg, Peter KW - Adult children KW - Demographics KW - Healthcare AB - Demographic and family structural changes since the mid-1900s will shape family relationships will into the 21st century. Hagestad and Uhlenberg (chapter 15, this volume) argue that these demographic changes promote age integration and closeness in intergenerational relations while at the same time enhancing age segregation in nonfamily social structures. Their rather rosy depiction of intergenerational relationships contrasts sharply with the more bleak picture of dying family bonds and of intergenerational conflict painted by other scholars (Kornhaber, 1966; Williamson, Watts-Roy and Kingson, 1999). While Hagestad and Uhlenberg's chapter depicts historical trends in intergenerational relationships, this commentary addresses the questions of whether and to what extent future intergenerational relationships will benefit from recent and continuing demographic and family structural changes. Focusing on intergenerational relations in the United States, I will first explore demographic changes other than those noted by Hagestad and Uhlenberg that influence intergenerational relationships, most importantly, trends in divorce and the timing of parenthood. Second, I will address heterogeneity in demographic changes among subpopulations and resulting variability in the future of intergenerational relationships. Third, I will discuss the potential vulnerabilities in intergenerational supports, especially care for the elderly and grandparents' access to and care for grandchildren. JF - Social Structures: The impact of demographic changes on the well-being of older persons PB - Springer CY - New York N1 - ProCite field 6 : In ProCite field 8 : eds U4 - Intergenerational Relations/Family Structure/Caregiving/Demographic Trends and Forecasts JO - Commentary: The Future of Intergenerational Relationships--Variability and Vulnerabilities ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Division of Care Among Adult Children T2 - Caregiving Contexts: Cultural, familial, and societal implications Y1 - 2007 A1 - Adam Davey A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz ED - Adam Davey ED - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Adult children KW - Healthcare AB - Adult children play a central role within the family context of care for frail elders. As the preceding chapter by Stoller and Miklowski indicated, older married adults turn first to a spouse for assistance. However, rising divorce rates during the past decades may decrease the availability of spouses as caregivers in the future, and, as the gender gap in longevity closes and more couples age together, both spouses may experience frailty or cognitive decline and thus require support from other family members. After spouses, the next preferred group of potential family caregivers is adult children (Cantor, 1975). Today's cohort of older adults is unique with regard to their high fertility, which produced the baby boom cohorts. As a result, these parents have, on average, more children than generations that precede or follow them. While children of today's older adults tend to have more siblings than older and younger cohorts, they also have more parents who survived into old age than earlier cohorts, and thus more potential occasions to provide care. Both the availability of multiple adult children as potential caregivers and the potential care needs of multiple parents or parents-in-law likely heighten the complexity of care networks and the need to negotiate and navigate multiple relationships, requiring greater coordination of care activities and enhancing opportunities for conflict over the allocation of care responsibilities. JF - Caregiving Contexts: Cultural, familial, and societal implications PB - Springer CY - New York N1 - ProCite field 6 : In ProCite field 8 : eds U4 - Adult Children/Caregiving/Family Structure JO - Division of Care Among Adult Children ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of retirement and grandchild care on depressive symptoms. JF - Int J Aging Hum Dev Y1 - 2006 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Child KW - Child Rearing KW - depression KW - Family Characteristics KW - Female KW - Holistic health KW - Humans KW - Intergenerational Relations KW - Leisure activities KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Retirement KW - Sex Factors KW - Social Responsibility KW - Surveys and Questionnaires KW - United States AB -

This study explores how grandchild care in conjunction with grandparents' retirement affects depressive symptoms, using data from the Health and Retirement Survey. The findings demonstrate that retirement moderates the influence of grandchild care obligations on well-being, measured by depressive symptoms. For retired men, freedom from grandchild care obligations is associated with heightened well-being. Among women, continued employment seems to protect against potential negative effects of extensive grandchild care obligations on well-being. The results for men seem most in line with the argument that family care obligations spoil retirement, whereas the results for women suggest a scenario that is most compatible with the role enhancement thesis.

PB - 62 VL - 62 IS - 1 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16454480?dopt=Abstract U4 - Caregiving/Retirement/Children ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Predictors of perceptions of involuntary retirement. JF - Gerontologist Y1 - 2005 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Choice Behavior KW - Demography KW - Humans KW - Retirement KW - Social Perception KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - United States AB -

PURPOSE: Retirement is often treated as a voluntary transition, yet selected circumstances can restrict choice in retirement decision processes. We investigated conditions under which retirees perceive their retirement as "forced" rather than "wanted."

METHODS: Analyses relied on Waves 1-4 of the Health and Retirement Survey (N=1,160; 572 men and 588 women). Logistic regression models estimated the effects of background factors, choice and restricted choice conditions, and retirement contexts on perceptions of forced retirement.

RESULTS: Nearly one third of older workers perceived their retirement as forced. Such forced retirement reflects restricted choice through health limitations, job displacement, and care obligations. Other predictors include marital status, race, assets, benefits, job tenure, and off-time retirement.

IMPLICATIONS: Future research should establish personal and policy implications of forced retirement. Programs are needed to help older workers forced into retirement find alternative employment opportunities and to reduce the conditions leading to forced retirement.

PB - 45 VL - 45 IS - 1 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15695416?dopt=Abstract U4 - Retirement ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Retirement and Marital Decision-Making: Effects on Retirement Satisfaction JF - Journal of Marriage and the Family Y1 - 2005 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adult children KW - End of life decisions KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction AB - This study explores how partner s employment and preretirement decision-making structures affect retirement satisfaction, using pooled data from Waves 1 to 4 of the Health and Retirement Surveys. Based on resource theory, the analyses indicate that retired husbands are least satisfied if their wives remain employed and had more say in decisions prior to the husband s retirement. Retired wives are least satisfied if their husbands remain employed and had more say in decisions prior to the wife s retirement. These results suggest that retirement transitions undermine married retirees satisfaction if they enhance the other partner s influence in the relationship. More research should address linkages between work and family realms during transitions such as retirement and explore the negotiation processes surrounding such transitions. PB - 67 VL - 67 IS - 2 U4 - Marriage/Decision Making/Retirement ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Honeymoons and joint lunches: effects of retirement and spouse's employment on depressive symptoms. JF - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Y1 - 2004 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Aging KW - Data collection KW - depression KW - Employment KW - Female KW - Humans KW - Life Change Events KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Mental Health KW - Middle Aged KW - Retirement KW - Sex Factors KW - Spouses AB -

With hypotheses derived from a life course perspective in conjunction with life event stress and role theories, we examine whether a spouse's employment and length of retirement affect a person's postretirement depressive symptoms and whether such effects differ by gender. Analyses use pooled data from Waves 1-4 of the Health and Retirement Survey, using a subsample of married individuals who either remained continuously employed over time or completely retired since the Wave 1 interviews (N = 2,695). Recently retired men seem to be negatively affected by their spouses' continuous employment when compared with men whose wives were continuously not employed. In contrast, spouses' joint retirement has a beneficial influence on both recently retired and longer-retired men. However, for recently retired men, the positive effect of wives' retirement seems to be contingent on spouses' enjoyment of joint activities. Among women, effects of spouses' employment occur only among very recently retired wives (0-6 months). These wives report more depressive symptoms if their spouses were already nonemployed prior to wives' retirement. These results demonstrate the complexity of retirement adaptation processes and suggest that marital context plays an important role in retirement well-being.

PB - 59B VL - 59 IS - 5 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15358796?dopt=Abstract U4 - Spouses/Retirement Behavior/Depressive Symptoms/Gender Differences ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Retirement transitions and spouse disability: effects on depressive symptoms. JF - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci Y1 - 2004 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz A1 - Adam Davey KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Adaptation, Psychological KW - Aged KW - Caregivers KW - Demography KW - depression KW - Disabled Persons KW - Female KW - Follow-Up Studies KW - Humans KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Retirement KW - Spouses KW - Surveys and Questionnaires AB -

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of type of retirement (forced, early, abrupt) and spouse's disability on longitudinal change in depressive symptoms.

METHODS: The analyses rely on Waves 1-4 of the Health and Retirement Survey (N = 2,649). Generalized estimating equations models with bootstrapped standard errors and adjustment for survey design and non-independence of dyad members estimate effects of retirement, type of retirement, and spouse's disability on depressive symptoms, controlling for relevant covariates.

RESULTS: The results suggest that depressive symptoms increase when retirement is abrupt and perceived as too early or forced. Women retirees who stopped employment and were either forced into retirement or perceived their retirement as too early report significantly more depressive symptoms with increasing spouse activities of daily living (ADLs) limitations. There is no similar effect for men. In contrast, for working retirees who retired on time, depressive symptoms decrease with increasing spouse ADLs.

DISCUSSION: These results highlight the importance of retirement context on postretirement well-being. They suggest that both type of retirement transition and marital contexts such as spouse's disability influence postretirement well-being, and these effects differ by gender.

PB - 59B VL - 59 IS - 6 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576864?dopt=Abstract U4 - Retirement Behavior/Spouse/Disability/Disability/Depressive Symptoms ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Couple Retirement Patterns and Retirement Age: A Comparison of Austria and the United States JF - International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Y1 - 2002 A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Methodology KW - Retirement Planning and Satisfaction PB - 32 VL - 32 IS - 2 U4 - Retirement Planning/Retirement Behavior/Cross Cultural Comparison ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Effects of Cognition on Driving Involvement Among the Oldest Old: Variations by Gender and Alternative Transportation Opportunities JF - The Gerontologist Y1 - 2002 A1 - Freund, Barbara A1 - Maximiliane E Szinovacz KW - Health Conditions and Status AB - This study explored the impact of cognition and the availability of other drivers on driving restriction and cessation among older adults. Survey data from the first wave of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old data were analyzed, using multinomial logistic regressions. Cognitive impairment is associated with driving restriction and cessation, although a noteworthy minority of mildly and severely cognitively impaired individuals continue to drive. Partner's driving and involvement and presence of other drivers in the household moderated the effect of cognition on driving restriction and cessation. The decision processes surrounding an individual's restricting or stopping driving are complex and may include consideration not only of competence, but also of sense of self-worth and relationship with a partner. PB - 42 VL - 42 IS - 5 U4 - Cognition/Aging/ADL and IADL Impairments ER -