TY - JOUR T1 - A longitudinal study of the relationship between health behavior risk factors and dependence in activities of daily living. JF - J Prev Med Public Health Y1 - 2006 A1 - Sang-Hyuk Jung A1 - Truls Ostbye A1 - Kyoung-Ok Park KW - Activities of Daily Living KW - Alcohol Drinking KW - Body Mass Index KW - ethnicity KW - Exercise KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Humans KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Risk Factors KW - Smoking KW - United States AB -

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to shed further light on the effect of modifiable health behavior risk factors on dependence in activities of daily living, defined in a multidimensional fashion.

METHODS: The study participants were 10,278 middle aged Americans in a longitudinal health study, the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). A multi-stage probability sampling design incorporating the effect of population sizes (Metropolitan and non-metropolitan), ethnicity (the non-Hispanic White, the Hispanic, and the Black), and age (age 51-61) was utilized. Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) were measured using five activities necessary for survival (impairment in dressing, eating, bathing, sleeping, and moving across indoor spaces). Explanatory variables were four health behavior risk factors included smoking, exercise, Body Mass Index (BMI), and alcohol consumption.

RESULTS: Most participants at baseline were ADL independent (1992). 97.8% of participants were independent in all ADL's at baseline and 78.2% were married. Approximately 27.5% were current smokers at baseline, and the subjects reported moderate or heavy exercise were 74.8%. All demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors were significantly associated with the ADL status at Wave 4 except alcohol consumption. Risk behaviors such as current smoking, sedentary life style and high BMI at Wave 1 were associated with ADL status deterioration; however, moderate alcohol consumption tended to be more related to better ADL status than abstaining at Wave 4. ADL status at Wave 1 was the strongest factor and the next was exercise and smoking affecting ADL status at Wave 4. People who were in ADL dependent at Wave 1 were 15.17 times more likely to be ADL dependent at Wave 4 than people who were in ADL independent at Wave 1. Concerning smoking cigarettes, people who kept only light exercise or sedentary life style at Wave 1 were 1.70 times more likely to be died at Wave 4 than the people who did not smoke at Wave 1.

CONCLUSIONS: All demographics and health behaviors at wave 1 had consistently similar OR trends for ADL status to each other except alcohol consumption. Smoking and exercise in health behaviors, and age and gender in demographics at Wave 1 were significant factors associated with ADL group separation at Wave 4.

PB - 39 VL - 39 IS - 3 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16764496?dopt=Abstract U4 - Health Behavior/risk factors/Activities of Daily Living ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco smoking and other modifiable risk factors on ill health in middle-aged and old Americans: results from the Health and Retirement Study and Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old survey. JF - Prev Med Y1 - 2002 A1 - Truls Ostbye A1 - Donald H. Taylor Jr. A1 - Sang-Hyuk Jung KW - Age Distribution KW - Aged KW - Aged, 80 and over KW - Alcohol Drinking KW - Attitude to Health KW - Chi-Square Distribution KW - Exercise KW - Female KW - Health Behavior KW - Health Status KW - Health Surveys KW - Humans KW - Life Style KW - Logistic Models KW - Longitudinal Studies KW - Male KW - Middle Aged KW - Risk Assessment KW - Risk Factors KW - Sex Distribution KW - Smoking KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Survival Rate KW - United States AB -

BACKGROUND: While the effects of smoking and other modifiable risk factors on mortality and specific diseases are well established, their effects on ill health more generally are less known. Using two national, longitudinal surveys, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of smoking and other modifiable risk factors on ill health, defined in a multidimensional fashion (i.e., disability, impaired mobility, health care utilization, and self-reported health).

METHODS: The analyses were based on the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) (12,652 persons 50-60 years old surveyed in 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998) and the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old survey (8,124 persons 60-70 years old surveyed in 1993, 1996, and 1998).

RESULTS: Smoking was strongly related to mortality and to ill health, with similar relative effects in the middle-aged and the elderly. There were consistent adverse dose-response relationships between smoking and ill health in the HRS. Persons who had quit smoking at least 15 years prior to the survey were no more likely than never smokers to experience ill health. A dose-response relationship was found between exercise and ill health. For body mass index and alcohol, there were U-shaped relationships with ill health.

CONCLUSIONS: Public health efforts designed to encourage smoking cessation should emphasize improvements in ill health in addition to decreased mortality.

PB - 34 VL - 34 IS - 3 U1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11902850?dopt=Abstract U4 - Smoking/Health Status/Health Behavior/Longitudinal Studies ER -