%0 Journal Article %J Demography %D 2018 %T Cohort Differences in Parental Financial Help to Adult Children. %A John C Henretta %A Matthew F. Van Voorhis %A Beth J Soldo %K Adult children %K Cohort Studies %K Financial aid %K Intergenerational transfers %X In this article, we examine birth cohort differences in parents' provision of monetary help to adult children with particular focus on the extent to which cohort differences in family structure and the transition to adulthood influence these changes. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study from 1994 to 2010, we compare financial help to children of three respondent cohorts as the parents in these birth cohorts from ages 53-58 to 57-62. We find that transfers to children have increased among more recent cohorts. Two trends-declining family size and children's delay in marriage-account for part of the increase across cohorts. However, other trends, such as the increase in the number of stepchildren and increasing child's income level, tend to decrease the observed cohort trend. %B Demography %V 55 %P 1567-1582 %G eng %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29907922?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s13524-018-0687-2 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Family Issues %D 2014 %T Parental Money Help to Children and Stepchildren %A John C Henretta %A Matthew F. Van Voorhis %A Beth J Soldo %K Adult children %X Divorce and remarriage have reshaped the American family giving rise to questions about the place of stepchildren in remarried families. In this article, we examine money transfers from a couple to each of their children. We introduce characteristics of the family and estimate the role of shared family membership affecting all children in the family as well as the difference that stepchild status and other individual characteristics make in transfer flows. Data are from the Health and Retirement Study. There are two central results in the analysis. Overall, provision of financial help from parents to children is a family phenomenon. Although help to a particular child is episodic, differences between families in provision of help were much greater than the differences in helping one child versus another within families. Second, stepchild status does differentiate one child from another within a family. Stepchildren are disadvantaged, particularly stepchildren of the wife. %B Journal of Family Issues %I 35 %V 35 %P 1131-1153 %G eng %N 9 %4 divorce/remarriage/children/Generational transfers/Financial assistance %$ 999999 %R 10.1177/0192513x13485077 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Sci Res %D 2012 %T Family structure and the reproduction of inequality: Parents' contribution to children's college costs. %A John C Henretta %A Douglas A. Wolf %A Matthew F. Van Voorhis %A Beth J Soldo %X

This article examines the role of family structure in the financial support parents provide for their children's college education. Data are from the Health and Retirement Study. We focus on aspects of family structure that affect parental support and estimate shared family variance in investments as well as within-family variation using a multilevel model. Family membership accounts for about 60% of the variance in payment of college costs. Small family size, living with both biological parents (compared to one biological parent and a stepparent), higher parental education, and having older parents are associated with greater parental expenditures.

%B Soc Sci Res %I 41 %V 41 %P 876-87 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23017857?dopt=Abstract %4 Parent educational background/Higher education/Higher education/Families and family life/Children and youth/Education finance/Education finance/Transfers %$ 69432 %R 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.02.008 %0 Journal Article %J J Marriage Fam %D 2011 %T Why Do Families Differ? Children's Care for an Unmarried Mother. %A John C Henretta %A Beth J Soldo %A Matthew F. Van Voorhis %X

An adult child's provision of care to an unmarried elderly mother varies both within and between families. Within-family differences address the variation in different children's behavior within in a family. Between-family differences refer to the propensities that members of a family-the children of one mother-share and that differentiate them from other families. Previous research suggests five hypotheses affecting either within-family or between-family differences. Data from multiple waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) cohort of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; 16,719 observations on 5,607 mother-child dyads in 1,925 families) are used to estimate a multilevel model with a binary outcome. Results indicate substantial differences between families. Mother's characteristics, family composition, and family history account for about half the between-family differences.

%B J Marriage Fam %I 73 %V 73 %P 383-395 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553381?dopt=Abstract %4 Families/family life/Child care/Marriage/WOMEN/Motherhood %$ 62530 %R 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00813.x %0 Journal Article %J J Aging Health %D 2010 %T Lifetime marital history and mortality after age 50. %A John C Henretta %K Age Factors %K Aging %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Marital Status %K Middle Aged %K Mortality %K Multivariate Analysis %K Proportional Hazards Models %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Assessment %K Risk-Taking %K Smoking %K Time Factors %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: This article examines the relationship between lifetime marital history and mortality after age 50.

METHOD: Data are drawn from the Health and Retirement Study birth cohort of 1931 to 1941. The analysis utilizes three measures of marital history: number of marriages, proportion time married, and age at first marriage.

RESULTS: Three or more marriages and a lower proportion of adult life spent married are each associated with a higher hazard of dying after age 50 for both men and women even after controlling for current marital status and socioeconomic status. Smoking behavior accounts for part of the relationship of marital history and status with mortality.

DISCUSSION: Research on marital status and health should consider marital history as well as current status. Two topics are particularly important: examining the relationship in different cohorts and disentangling the potentially causal role of health behaviors such as smoking.

%B J Aging Health %I 22 %V 22 %P 1198-212 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 8 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660636?dopt=Abstract %3 20660636 %4 Mortality Rates/Marriage/Marital Status/Smoking/Socioeconomic Status/Health Behavior/Health Problems/Dying/Health Policy %$ 24440 %R 10.1177/0898264310374354 %0 Journal Article %J Aging Ment Health %D 2008 %T Early motherhood and mental health in midlife: a study of British and American cohorts. %A John C Henretta %A Emily M D Grundy %A Lucy C Okell %A Michael E J Wadsworth %K Adolescent %K Birth Order %K Cohort Studies %K England %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Maternal Age %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Mothers %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy in Adolescence %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: Examine the relationship between early age at first birth and mental health among women in their fifties.

METHODS: Analysis of data on women from a British 1946 birth cohort study and the U.S. Health and Retirement Study birth cohort of 1931-1941.

RESULTS: In both samples a first birth before 21 years, compared to a later first birth, is associated with poorer mental health. The association between early first birth and poorer mental health persists in the British study even after controlling for early socioeconomic status, midlife socioeconomic status and midlife health. In the U.S. sample, the association becomes non-significant after controlling for educational attainment.

CONCLUSIONS: Early age at first birth is associated with poorer mental health among women in their fifties in both studies, though the pattern of associations differs.

%B Aging Ment Health %I 12 %V 12 %P 605-14 %8 2008 Sep %G eng %N 5 %L newpubs20090126_Henretta_etal %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18855176?dopt=Abstract %2 PMC3191851 %4 Women/Mental health/CHILDREN %$ 19690 %R 10.1080/13607860802343084 %0 Journal Article %J J Health Soc Behav %D 2007 %T Early childbearing, marital status, and women's health and mortality after age 50. %A John C Henretta %K Adolescent %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Marital Status %K Maternal Age %K Middle Aged %K Mortality %K Parity %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy in Adolescence %K Prevalence %K Proportional Hazards Models %K Social Class %K United States %K Women's Health %X

This article examines the relationship between a woman's childbearing history and her later health and mortality, with primary focus on whether the association between them is due to early and later socioeconomic status. Data are drawn from the Health and Retirement Study birth cohort of 1931-1941. Results indicate that, conditional on reaching midlife and controlling for early and later socioeconomic status, a first birth before age 20 is associated with a higher hazard of dying. In addition, having an early birth is associated with a higher prevalence of reported heart disease, lung disease, and cancer in 1994. Being unmarried at the time of the first birth is associated with earlier mortality, but this association disappears when midlife socioeconomic status is controlled. The number of children ever born does not significantly affect mortality but is associated with prevalence of diabetes.

%B J Health Soc Behav %I 48 %V 48 %P 254-66 %8 2007 Sep %G eng %N 3 %L newpubs20071203_Henretta.pdf %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982867?dopt=Abstract %4 womens health/Mortality/CHILDREN %$ 18310 %R 10.1177/002214650704800304 %0 Report %D 2005 %T HRS 2001 HUMS College Tuition Imputations %A Cao, Honggao %A John C Henretta %A Norgard, T.M. %A Beth J Soldo %A David R Weir %K Consumption and Savings %K Methodology %K Net Worth and Assets %X HRS 2001 Off-Year Mail Survey on Human Capital Investment (HRS 2001 HUMS) collected important information on the education of HRS respondents children. Among other things, the survey asked a selected set of HRS respondents to provide information about whether a child attended a two- or four-year undergraduate college, the total number of years in college(s), his or her age when he or she last attended college, and the name of the college that he or she last attended. One way to use the information is to produce college tuition data associated with each child, which can then be linked in an integrated analysis of family transfer with other family transfer information collected in the HRS core survey. In this document we describe what we have done in imputing HRS 2001 HUMS college tuitions. The general idea is to link the children college attendance information in HRS 2001 HUMS with a college tuition database (CASPAR) created and administered by the National Science Foundation. For 2000 and 2001, college cost data are also taken from the NCES IPEDS online database. %I Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan %C Ann Arbor, Michigan %G eng %4 imputations/methodology/human Capital/college tuition %$ 62890 %0 Journal Article %J Ageing and Society %D 2002 %T The socio-economic and Health Differences in Parents' Provision of Help to Adult Children: A British-USA Comparison %A John C Henretta %A Emily M D Grundy %A Harris, Susan %K Adult children %K Demographics %K Health Conditions and Status %X Transfers of assistance from older to younger family members are an important, though often ignored, component of intergenerational exchanges. The ability to help younger family members, either financially or practically, may be influenced by the health and socio-economic status of older parents, but very little is known about these patterns. This article examines the effects of socio-economic and health status on the help that late mid-life parents in Britain and the United States give their children with money, domestic tasks, and grandchild care. Results for the different types of family support yield three main findings. First, there are relatively few differences between Britain and the USA in the factors affecting the provision of support. Secondly, socio-economic factors appear to be more important among married respondents while health is more important among the unmarried. Thirdly, children's co-residence has greater effects on the provision of domestic task help in Britain than in the United States. %B Ageing and Society %I 22 %V 22 %P 441-458 %G eng %N 4 %4 Family/Health/Socioeconomic Differences/Transfers %$ 8558 %R 10.1017/S0144686X02008735 %0 Journal Article %J Research on Aging %D 2001 %T Racial, Ethnic, and Sociodemographic Differences in the level of Psychosocial Distress Among Older Americans %A Mills, Terry L. %A John C Henretta %K Demographics %K Health Conditions and Status %K Net Worth and Assets %K Women and Minorities %X This paper explores the reasons for the observed differences in the level of self-reported depressive symptoms between older African Americans, Hispanic-English speaking, Hispanic-Spanish speaking, and Whites. For all groups in the sample, being male, married, having a high level of education, and good health are strong indicators of lower levels of depressive symptoms. Comparing the levels of self-reported depressive symptoms among the different racial/ethnic groups demonstrated that there are large differences, with the Hispanic-Spanish speaking individuals reporting the highest scores. Results show that language acculturation, the number of years of education, and the number of years of U.S. residency are significant factors that help to explain these differences. %B Research on Aging %I 23 %V 23 %P 131-152 %G eng %N 2 %L pubs_2001_Mills_TRoA.pdf %4 Depressive Symptoms/African-Americans/Hispanics/Whites/Economic Status/Health Status/Acculturation %$ 8524 %R 10.1177/0164027501232001 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Marriage and the Family %D 2001 %T Socioeconomic Differences in Having Living Parents and Children: A U.S.-British Comparison of Middle-Aged Women %A John C Henretta %A Emily M D Grundy %A Harris, Susan %K Adult children %K Demographics %X The authors observe the differences in socioeconomic status among women in Britain and the U.S. who have living parents as well as children in the middle-aged cohort. Those people in the middle generation are likely to encounter many demands, both from their parents and their children. What is the magnitude of the socioeconomic effects in these two countries? What is the pattern of socioeconomic differences in parent survival when inspecting the socioeconomic status of the middle-aged children? Data from the 1988 Office of National Statistics Retirement and Retirement Plans Survey was gathered for the British population and compared to Wave 1 (1992) and Wave 2 (1994) of the Health and Retirement Study. Findings from this study are that: (1) the U.S. has much greater levels of kin availability; (2) the pattern of socioeconomic effects is rather similar between the two countries; (3) socioeconomic status is negatively correlated with the number of children one has; and (4) people with greater socioeconomic status are more likely to have a living parent and children. Policies that change the amount of responsibility a person has with regard to other generations of the family will have differing consequences depending on the country, status, and whom the policy is concerning (elderly or young). %B Journal of Marriage and the Family %I 63 %V 63 %P 852-867 %G eng %N 3 %L pubs_2001_Henretta_JJMandF.pdf %4 Family/Socioeconomic Differences/Family Structure %$ 8556 %R 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00852.x %0 Journal Article %J The Gerontologist %D 2000 %T The Future of Age Integration in Unemployment %A John C Henretta %K Adult children %K Demographics %K Employment and Labor Force %K Methodology %K Other %K Retirement Planning and Satisfaction %K Social Security %X This article discusses the direction and implications of current and possible future trends in workplace age integration. The study used HRS respondents' attitudes towards work as a way of examining the possible supply of older workers. Overall, there are a number of underlying trends that will combine in the near future that will likely result in an increase of older persons remaining in the work force for longer. The shifting population age composition and the high education and ability levels of the cohorts born around 1950 are some of the trends that contribute to the increased demand for older workers. Other trends, such as changes in Social Security eligibility ages, the shift to DC pension plans, and the improving health of older cohorts, contribute to the increase in the supply of older workers. HRS data indicate that an overwhelming majority, 77 of men and 71 of women, say that they would like to continue some paid work when they retire. Evidence also suggests that since job flexibility among this cohort is limited, that either significant job changing from pre-retirement to postretirement jobs will be required, or significant job redesign must occur. %B The Gerontologist %I 40 %V 40 %P 286-92 %G eng %N 3 %L pubs_2000_Henretta_JGer.pdf %4 Adult/Employment/Trends/Female/Human/Intergenerational Relations/Middle Age/Population Dynamics/Retirement/Social Security/Support, U.S. Government--PHS/United States %$ 8372 %R 10.1093/geront/40.3.286 %0 Book Section %B Wealth, work, and health: Innovations in measurement in the social sciences: Essays in honor of F. Thomas Juster. %D 1999 %T Intergenerational Transfers: Blood, Marriage, and Gender Effects on Household Decisions %A Beth J Soldo %A Douglas A. Wolf %A John C Henretta %E James P Smith %E Robert J. Willis %K Adult children %K Consumption and Savings %K Demographics %K Event History/Life Cycle %K Methodology %B Wealth, work, and health: Innovations in measurement in the social sciences: Essays in honor of F. Thomas Juster. %I University of Michigan Press %C Ann Arbor, MI %P 335-55 %G eng %4 Economics of Gender/Marriage/Marital Dissolution/Family Structure/Intertemporal Consumer Choice/Life Cycle Models and Saving/Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis/Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis/Microeconomic Data Management/Gender %$ 1048 %! Intergenerational Transfers: Blood, Marriage, and Gender Effects on Household Decisions %0 Journal Article %J The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences %D 1997 %T Selection of Children to Provide Care: The effect of earlier parental transfers %A John C Henretta %A Martha S. Hill %A Li, Wei %A Beth J Soldo %A Douglas A. Wolf %K Adult children %K Demographics %K Health Conditions and Status %K Healthcare %K Income %K Methodology %K Other %X We use the first wave of data from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study to examine the effects of past parent-to-child financial transfers on selection of a child to provide assistance with basic personal care for unmarried parents. We estimate a fixed-effects conditional logit model and find a positive and significant association between past financial transfers and a child's current helping behavior. The coefficient of past financial transfers is in the direction hypothesized, and its magnitude is 80 as large as that of gender, a well-documented powerful predictor of parental caregiving. There appears to be substantial evidence that earlier parent-to-child financial gifts play a role in determining which child in the family will provide assistance. %B The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences %I 52B %V 52B %G eng %N Spec %L pubs_1997_Henretta_JJGSeriesB.pdf %4 Caregivers/Family/Female/Frail Elderly/Human/Income/Models, Theoretical/Parent Child Relations/Support, U.S. Government--PHS %$ 4295 %0 Report %D 1996 %T Family Structure and Intergenerational Transfers: A Comparison of 55-63 Year Olds in the U.S. and Britain %A Glaser, Karen %A Emily M D Grundy %A John C Henretta %A Murphy, Michael J. %K Adult children %X This study uses data from wave two of the HRS (1994/95) and the broadly comparable British Retirement and Retirement Plans Survey (1988) to compare two middle generation cohorts in order to examine the impact of differing demographic histories on the potential demographic and expectation 'burdens' experienced by those in late middle-age. There are a number of reasons for supposing that the family responsibilities of those in their late fifties may vary between the US and Britain. In the cohorts under consideration achieved fertility was higher in the US. Moreover, much higher proportions of young adults attend college in the US and state support is much lower than in Britain. As a result adult children may remain economically dependent for longer in the US and this, combined with fertility differences, places a higher burden on adults in later mid life. An added factor of importance is that more of the US respondents will have experienced marital disruption, making the ratio of supported to dependants possibly even less favourable. In addition, Americans in later middle age may more often have responsibilities for their own ageing parents than their British peers as the life expectancy of individuals over 65 is higher in the US than in Britain. The study's findings show that middle generation adults in the US have more surviving children than in Britain and that a higher proportion of parents of middle generation individuals are alive in the US than in Britain. Although differences in question wording between the two surveys are substantial and therefore caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results, as expected a higher proportion of American respondents provide financial assistance to children, whereas it appears that British respondents are more likely to provide time transfers to children than their American counterparts. With respect to the older generation, British respondents also appear more likely to provide assistance to their parents and are more likely to coreside with an elderly parent when compared to the Americans. Thus it is important not only to look at demographic factors, but it also becomes necessary to examine the expectation burden, that is differences in policy and attitudes that affect time transfers to parents/children, and the financial assistance required by adult children and elderly parents. %I University of Michigan %G eng %U http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/series.html hr %4 Transfers/Family Structure %$ 6510 %0 Report %D 1996 %T The Florida AHEAD Respondents: Characteristics of Florida's Elderly Population Aged Seventy and Over %A Berry, Brent M. %A John C Henretta %K Demographics %X This paper uses the first wave of data from the Asset and HEAlth Dynamics (AHEAD) Among the Oldest Old survey to compare the characteristics of the Florida oversample to the U.S. elderly population aged seventy and older. The goal of the AHEAD survey is to understand the interrelationship among changes and transitions in three major domains health, income and assets, and family transfers. Based on interviews of 8,223 respondents (1,088 Florida, 7,134 non-Florida), our comparison of Florida and non-Florida elderly indicates: Florida elderly are generally healthier, less impaired, and have greater financial resources than non-Florida elderly. Particularly among the unmarried, Floridians have lower levels of physical and cognitive impairment and higher income and asset levels. Floridians expect to live longer and to give an inheritance, and not to need nursing care or receive financial help in the future. Impaired Floridians are more likely to be married and equally likely to receive some help in dealing with impairment. That help is more likely to come from a spouse rather than a child. Even among the impaired, Floridians have greater assets than non-Floridians. The finding that unmarried Floridians are healthier and have more financial resources may suggest that the combination of widowhood, depletion of assets, absence of nearby children, and impairment triggers migration of elderly out of Florida or institutionalization. By following the migration patterns of respondents over time, future waves of AHEAD will provide the panel data needed to discern how important return migration and institutionalization are in shaping the characteristics of the Florida elderly population. %I University of Michigan %G eng %U http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/series.html hr %4 Florida %$ 6520