%0 Journal Article %J The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences %D 2020 %T Racial and educational disparities in cognitive life expectancies. %A Mateo P Farina %A Mark D Hayward %A Eileen M. Crimmins %A Jung K Kim %K Cognition & Reasoning %K Mortality %K Racial/ethnic differences %X

OBJECTIVES: We estimate life expectancy with and without dementia for Americans 65 years and older by education and race to examine how these stratification systems combine to shape disparities in later-life cognitive health.

METHOD: Based on the Health and Retirement Study (2000-2014), we use a multivariate, incidence-based life table approach to estimate life expectancy by cognitive health status for race-education groups. The models also simulate group differences in the prevalence of dementia implied by these rates.

RESULTS: The life table results document notable race-education differences in dementia and dementia-free life expectancy, as well as stark differences in implied dementia prevalence. At each education level, blacks can expect to live more years with dementia and they have significantly higher rates of dementia prevalence. This distribution of disparities in the older population is anchored by two groups -- blacks without a high school diploma and whites with some college or more.

DISCUSSION: Dementia experience and dementia burden differ dramatically along race-education lines. Race and education combine to exaggerate disparities and they both have enduring effects. Future research should explicitly consider how race and education combine to influence dementia in the older American population.

%B The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences %V 75 %P e105-e112 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1093/geronb/gbz046 %0 Journal Article %J Popul Res Policy Rev %D 2010 %T The Retirement Life Course in America at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century. %A David F Warner %A Mark D Hayward %A Melissa A. Hardy %X

As the baby boom cohorts expand the number of U.S. retirees, population estimates of the employment, withdrawal and reentry behaviors of older Americans' remain scarce. How long do people work? How frequently is retirement reversed? How many years are people retired? What is the modal age of retirement? And, how do the patterns for women compare to those for men? Using the 1992-2004 Health and Retirement Study, we estimate multistate working life tables to update information on the age-graded regularities of the retirement life course of men and women in the United States. We find that at age 50 men can expect to spend half of their remaining lives working for pay, while women can expect to spend just one-third. Half of all men and women have left the labor force by ages 63 and 61, respectively. Although the majority of retirement exits are final, variation in the nature and duration of the retirement process is substantial, as about a third of men's and women's exits are reversed. By quantifying these patterns for men and women, we provide a sound empirical basis for evaluating policy designed to address the financial pressures population aging places on public and private pension systems.

%B Popul Res Policy Rev %I 29 %V 29 %P 893-919 %8 2010 Jan 12 %G eng %N 6 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170285?dopt=Abstract %2 PMC3002227 %4 Retirement/Working Women/women/labor Force Participation/Twenty First Century/Males/Aging %$ 24430 %R 10.1007/s11113-009-9173-2 %0 Book Section %B Critical Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Differences in Health in Later Life %D 2004 %T Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Health %A Eileen M. Crimmins %A Mark D Hayward %A Teresa Seeman %E Norman B. Anderson %E Randy A. Bulatao %E Barney Cohen %K Demographics %K Health Conditions and Status %K Healthcare %K Women and Minorities %X Mounting evidence indicates that racial/ethnic differences in morbidity and mortality are tied to socioeconomic resources (Hayward, Crimmins, Miles, and Yu, 2000; Williams and Collins, 1995). Largely because of data availability, most of this evidence is based on the health experiences of blacks and whites, with much less evidence on the role of socioeconomic factors in understanding racial/ethnic disparities when Americans of Asian or Pacific Island descent, Hispanics, and Native Americans are part of the picture. The potential power of the socioeconomic status (SES) paradigm in understanding health disparities—including racial/ethnic disparities—is evident in the fact that socioeconomic differences in health outcomes have been widely documented for most health conditions in most countries. People who are poorer and who have less education are more likely to suffer from diseases, to experience loss of functioning, to be cognitively and physically impaired, and to experience higher mortality rates (Adler, Boyce, Chesney, Folkman, and Syme, 1993; Adler et al., 1994; Marmot, Kogevinas, and Elston, 1987; Marmot, Ryff, Bumpass, Shipley, and Marks, 1997; Preston and Taubman, 1994; Williams, 1990). In the United States, few health problems are more likely to occur among those who are better off, and some health conditions are particularly sensitive to SES. In recent years socioeconomic differences in health also appear to be increasing in the United States and in other developed countries (Crimmins and Saito, 2001; Feldman, Makuc, Kleinman, and Coroni-Huntley, 1989; Manton, 1997; Marmot, 1994; Pappas, Queen, Hadden, and Fisher, 1993; Preston and Elo, 1995). %B Critical Perspectives on Race and Ethnic Differences in Health in Later Life %I National Academy of Sciences %P 310-352 %G eng %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25526/#:~:text=Socioeconomic%20status%20is%20obviously%20related,health%20outcomes%20relative%20to%20whites. %4 Racial Differences/socioeconomic Status/African Americans/Hispanic/health disparities/MORTALITY %$ 23820 %& 9