%0 Journal Article %J Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences %D 2019 %T Changing impact of obesity on active life expectancy of older Americans. %A Yuan S Zhang %A Saito, Yasuhiko %A Eileen M. Crimmins %K Health Trajectories %K Longevity %K Obesity %X

BACKGROUND: The rise in the number and earlier age of onset of obese persons has raised critical concerns about consequences of obesity; however, recent evidence suggests that the impact of obesity on health outcomes may have changed. This study aims to assess the change of the impact of obesity on active life expectancy among Americans 70 years and older over almost two decades, 1993-1998 to 2010-2014.

METHODS: For each period, we use three waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate age-specific transition probabilities between health states. The average number of years active and disabled are calculated with Interpolated Markov Chain software based on estimated transition probabilities.

RESULTS: Overall obesity and severe obesity increased markedly over time yet active life expectancy expanded for all individuals and the increases are greater among the obese and women. Increases in total and active life expectancy occurred because of the changing association of obesity with disability and mortality.

CONCLUSION: Individuals at age 70 in the later period in each weight group could expect to live a smaller proportion of remaining life with ADL disability than those in the earlier period. High levels of obesity continue to have significant adverse effects on the quality of life. The increasing prevalence of severe obesity and the growing number of older persons may result in substantial additional health care needs and costs. Continued effort to improve cardiovascular health is required to control the burden of obesity in later life in an era of rising obesity.

%B Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences %8 11/2019 %G eng %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31120111?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1093/gerona/glz133 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Geriatrics Society %D 2019 %T Cognitive Performance Among Older Persons in Japan and the United States %A Saito, Yasuhiko %A Jung K Kim %A Davarian, Shieva %A Hagedorn, Aaron %A Eileen M. Crimmins %K cognitive performance %K Education %K Japan %K Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging %K United States %X OBJECTIVE To compare cognitive performance among Japanese and American persons, aged 68 years and older, using two nationally representative studies and to examine whether differences can be explained by differences in the distribution of risk factors or in their association with cognitive performance. DESIGN Nationally representative studies with harmonized collection of data on cognitive functioning. SETTING Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the US Health and Retirement Study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1953 Japanese adults and 2959 US adults, aged 68 years or older. MEASUREMENTS Episodic memory and arithmetic working memory are measured using immediate and delayed word recall and serial 7s. RESULTS Americans have higher scores on episodic memory than Japanese people (0.72 points on a 20-point scale); however, when education is controlled, American and Japanese people did not differ. Level of working memory was higher in Japan (0.36 on a 5-point scale) than in the United States, and the effect of education on working memory was stronger among Americans than Japanese people. There are no differences over the age of 85 years. CONCLUSION Even with large differences in educational attainment and a strong effect of education on cognitive functioning, the overall differences in cognitive functioning between the United States and Japan are modest. Differences in health appear to have little effect on national differences in cognition. %B Journal of the American Geriatrics Society %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.16163 %R 10.1111/jgs.16163 %0 Journal Article %J SSM Popul Health %D 2016 %T Change in Cognitively Healthy and Cognitively Impaired Life Expectancy in the United States: 2000-2010. %A Eileen M. Crimmins %A Saito, Yasuhiko %A Jung K Kim %X

OBJECTIVE: To determine how cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired life expectancy have changed from 2000 to 2010 among American men and women 65 years of age and over.

METHODS: The prevalence of dementia, cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND), and normal cognition is determined from the nationally representative data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Mortality rates are from U.S. Decennial Life Table for 2000 and the U.S. annual life table for 2010. Life expectancy by cognitive status is estimated using the Sullivan method.

RESULTS: Most of the increase in life expectancy has been concentrated in cognitively healthy years in this 10 year period. The increase in expected years cognitively intact at age 65, which exceeded that in total life expectancy, was 1.8 for men and 1.6 for women.

CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence suggesting that there has been a compression of cognitive morbidity.

%B SSM Popul Health %V 2 %P 793-797 %8 2016 Dec %G eng %U http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352827316301148http://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352827316301148?httpAccept=text/plainhttp://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S2352827316301148?httpAccept=text/xml %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27917398?dopt=Abstract %! SSM - Population Health %R 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.10.007 %0 Journal Article %J J Aging Health %D 2016 %T A Comparison of Educational Differences on Physical Health, Mortality, and Healthy Life Expectancy in Japan and the United States. %A Chi-Tsun Chiu %A Mark D Hayward %A Saito, Yasuhiko %K Activities of Daily Living %K Age Distribution %K Aged %K Cause of Death %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Educational Status %K Employment %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Health Status %K Health Surveys %K Healthy Lifestyle %K Humans %K Japan %K Life Expectancy %K Life Tables %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Regression Analysis %K Retirement %K Sex Distribution %K United States %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the educational gradient of health and mortality between two long-lived populations: Japan and the United States.

METHOD: This analysis is based on the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging and the Health and Retirement Study to compare educational gradients in multiple aspects of population health-life expectancy with/without disability, functional limitations, or chronic diseases, using prevalence-based Sullivan life tables.

RESULTS: Our results show that education coefficients from physical health and mortality models are similar for both Japan and American populations, and older Japanese have better mortality and health profiles.

DISCUSSION: Japan's compulsory national health service system since April 1961 and living arrangements with adult children may play an important role for its superior health profile compared with that of the United States.

%B J Aging Health %V 28 %P 1256-78 %8 2016 10 %G eng %N 7 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27590801?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/0898264316656505 %0 Journal Article %J Eur J Epidemiol %D 2010 %T Cross-national comparison of sex differences in health and mortality in Denmark, Japan and the US. %A Oksuzyan, Anna %A Eileen M. Crimmins %A Saito, Yasuhiko %A Angela M O'Rand %A James W Vaupel %A Christensen, Kaare %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Denmark %K Disability Evaluation %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Japan %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Mortality %K Sex Distribution %K United States %X

The present study aims to compare the direction and magnitude of sex differences in mortality and major health dimensions across Denmark, Japan and the US. The Human Mortality Database was used to examine sex differences in age-specific mortality rates. The Danish twin surveys, the Danish 1905-Cohort Study, the Health and Retirement Study, and the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging were used to examine sex differences in health. Men had consistently higher mortality rates at all ages in all three countries, but they also had a substantial advantage in handgrip strength compared with the same-aged women. Sex differences in activities of daily living (ADL) became pronounced among individuals aged 85+ in all three countries. Depression levels tended to be higher in women, particularly, in Denmark and the HRS, and only small sex differences were observed in the immediate recall test and Mini-Mental State Exam. The present study revealed consistent sex differentials in survival and physical health, self-rated health and cognition at older ages, whereas the pattern of sex differences in depressive symptoms was country-specific.

%B Eur J Epidemiol %I 25 %V 25 %P 471-80 %8 2010 Jul %G eng %N 7 %L newpubs20101112_Oksuzyan.pdf %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495953?dopt=Abstract %2 PMC2903692 %4 cross-national comparison/Activities of Daily Living/Sex Differences/depression/SELF-RATED HEALTH/NUJLSOA/NUJLSOA %$ 23760 %R 10.1007/s10654-010-9460-6