%0 Journal Article %J Psychosom Med %D 2015 %T The association of depression, cognitive impairment without dementia, and dementia with risk of ischemic stroke: a cohort study. %A Dimitry S Davydow %A Deborah A Levine %A Zivin, Kara %A Wayne J Katon %A Kenneth M. Langa %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Cognitive Dysfunction %K Cohort Studies %K Dementia %K depression %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Retrospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Stroke %K United States %X

OBJECTIVE: To determine if depression, cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND), and/or dementia are each independently associated with risk of ischemic stroke and to identify characteristics that could modify these associations.

METHODS: This retrospective-cohort study examined a population-based sample of 7031 Americans older than 50 years participating in the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2008) who consented to have their interviews linked to their Medicare claims. The eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and/or International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) depression diagnoses were used to identify baseline depression. The Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and/or ICD-9-CM dementia diagnoses were used to identify baseline CIND or dementia. Hospitalizations for ischemic stroke were identified via ICD-9-CM diagnoses.

RESULTS: After adjusting for demographics, medical comorbidities, and health-risk behaviors, CIND alone (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-1.69) and co-occurring depression and CIND (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.24-2.18) were independently associated with increased odds of ischemic stroke. Depression alone was not associated with odds of ischemic stroke (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.88-1.40) in unadjusted analyses. Neither dementia alone (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.82-1.45) nor co-occurring depression and dementia (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.89-1.76) were associated with odds of ischemic stroke after adjusting for demographics.

CONCLUSIONS: CIND and co-occurring depression and CIND are independently associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke. Individuals with co-occurring depression and CIND represent a high-risk group that may benefit from targeted interventions to prevent stroke.

%B Psychosom Med %I 77 %V 77 %P 200-8 %8 2015 Feb-Mar %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647752?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000136