Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and long-term health outcomes: evidence from multiple large-scale cohorts

Cardiorespiratory fitness is a robust predictor of morbidity and mortality; however, its direct measurement is often impractical in large population-based studies. Non-exercise estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (eCRF) provides a feasible alternative, but its association with health outcomes across diverse populations remains unclear. We therefore investigated associations between eCRF and major health outcomes using cohort data from Europe, North America, and Asia.