The Causal Impact of Living Arrangements on Quality of Life Among Older New Zealanders: The Moderating Effects of Age and Social Connectedness

This study examines the causal relationships between living arrangements (LA) and the
quality of life (QoL) of older adults in Aotearoa New Zealand, with a specific focus on the moderating
roles of age, gender, and social connectedness. Drawing on longitudinal data from the New Zealand
Health, Work and Retirement Study (NZHWRS), this research employs the CASP-12 model to examine
the psychosocial dimensions of QoL. Specifically, it investigates how the sub-dimensions: autonomy,
control, self-realisation, and enjoyment, contribute to overall QoL, particularly in relation to various
LA.
The findings reveal that living arrangements (outside of institutionalised settings) play a
pivotal role in shaping the QoL of older adults. Independent living arrangements often promoted as
supporting autonomy, self-esteem, and personal agency in older adults was in fact identified as being
accompanied by elevated risks of loneliness and social isolation, particularly among individuals with
limited social networks or familial support. In contrast, intergenerational living arrangements or
being with a partner, provide opportunities for enhanced social connectedness and emotional
support. Most notably older adults were found to derive greater overall QoL when living with their
families. even when this came at the expense of reduced personal autonomy.
Age and gender emerged as significant moderators in the relationship between LA and QoL.
Older women and individuals in advanced age cohorts exhibited distinctive patterns of QoL
outcomes, underscoring the importance of tailored interventions. Moreover, the buffering effects of
social connectedness were prominent, with active participation in social activities and employment
serving as critical protective factors against isolation and diminished well-being. These findings
underscore the multifaceted nature of "ageing in place" strategies, which, while beneficial in
promoting independence, must be complemented by robust community-based social support
systems to mitigate unintended negative outcomes.
This research addresses critical gaps in the existing literature by providing a nuanced
understanding of the interplay between living arrangements, psychosocial factors, and demographic
characteristics in influencing the QoL of older adults. The findings have substantial implications for
both academic discourse, public policy and practice. Recommendations include fostering inclusive,
age-friendly communities, enhancing social infrastructure, and developing policies that balance
autonomy with collective support to ensure the dignity, health, and well-being of New Zealand's
ageing population.
By integrating theoretical insights with empirical evidence, this study contributes to the
evolving discourse on healthy ageing and offers practical solutions for improving QoL outcomes in
diverse living arrangements.