Transitions in Living Arrangements and Life Satisfaction in Later Life: The Role of Race and Ethnicity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether transitions in living arrangements (ie, changes in cohabitation status or household composition are associated with life satisfaction in later life and whether these relationships differ by race/ethnicity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the 2014-2020 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 8,389) were analyzed. The 2014 baseline was chosen to ensure harmonization of the study variables across waves, specifically accounting for changes in psychosocial indicators. Linear regression models assessed associations between living arrangement types, living arrangement transitions and changes in life satisfaction, using a two-wave before/after design.

RESULTS: Older adults who lived alone at baseline experienced lower life satisfaction during the observation period. Additionally, older adults who lived alone at both time points, transitioned to living alone, or transitioned to living with others, experienced declines in life satisfaction. Non-Hispanic Black older adults experienced greater declines to life satisfaction than non-Hispanic White older adults experiencing the same transitions, including living with others at both time points, transitioning to living with others, or transitioning to living alone.

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Findings from this study demonstrated a negative association between living alone and life satisfaction, irrespective of whether we focused on baseline living arrangement status or transition to living alone. The moderating role of race/ethnicity reflects both cultural norms, such as stronger family support among non-Hispanic Black older adults, and structural inequalities affecting living arrangement choices. These findings underscore the importance of generating policies and programs that promote social connection, financial stability, and culturally responsive support for older adults living alone.