Expanding the social pathways linking self-perceptions of aging to health: the role of friendships.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigates how friendships serve as a social pathway underlying the health effects of self-perceptions of aging (SPA). We adopt a conceptual framework integrating stereotype embodiment theory and the differential investment of resources (DIRe) model.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study used longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which tracks a nationally representative sample of 9,098 participants aged 50 and older over 8 years (Time 1: 2008/10, Time 2: 2012/14, Time 3: 2016/18). We examined the direct and indirect effects of both positive and negative SPA on physical, mental, and cognitive health through friendships. Positive and negative SPA were assessed separately. Friendships were measured through the number of close Friends, frequency of contact with friends, and positive and negative friendship quality. Health outcomes were measured across three domains: physical (functional disabilities), mental (depressive symptoms), and cognitive (cognitive functioning). Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the direct and indirect effects.

RESULTS: Positive SPA was associated with more friends and more frequent contact. Negative SPA was associated with lower positive and higher negative friendship quality. Contact frequency with friends mediated the associations between positive SPA and physical, mental, and cognitive health. Positive and negative friendship quality mediated the associations between negative SPA with physical and mental health.

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These findings identify friendships as critical pathways linking SPA to health. Interventions and community programs that promote positive aging beliefs and support friendship-building may be effective strategies to enhance later-life health and well-being.