Baseline depressive symptoms, major somatic disease, and frailty trajectories in older adults: a tricohort longitudinal study of CHARLS, ELSA, and HRS

Depressive symptoms and chronic somatic diseases commonly coexist in older adults and are
associated with adverse ageing outcomes. Although cross-national studies have examined depression and frailty, direct evidence comparing whether the baseline co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and major somatic disease is associated with less favorable subsequent frailty trajectories across national cohorts remains limited.