Pregnancy loss and prevalent cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a two-stage individual participant data analysis of CHARLS, ELSA, and HRS

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, and cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) is associated with substantially higher mortality and reduced life expectancy. Pregnancy loss is common and has been linked to later cardiovascular risk, but multinational evidence using harmonized individual participant data and CMM as the outcome remains limited.