Title | The association of depression, cognitive impairment without dementia, and dementia with risk of ischemic stroke: a cohort study. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2015 |
Authors | Davydow, DS, Levine, DA, Zivin, K, Katon, WJ, Langa, KM |
Journal | Psychosom Med |
Volume | 77 |
Issue | 2 |
Pagination | 200-8 |
Date Published | 2015 Feb-Mar |
ISSN Number | 1534-7796 |
Keywords | Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cohort Studies, Dementia, depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Stroke, United States |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE: To determine if depression, cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND), and/or dementia are each independently associated with risk of ischemic stroke and to identify characteristics that could modify these associations. METHODS: This retrospective-cohort study examined a population-based sample of 7031 Americans older than 50 years participating in the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2008) who consented to have their interviews linked to their Medicare claims. The eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and/or International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) depression diagnoses were used to identify baseline depression. The Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status and/or ICD-9-CM dementia diagnoses were used to identify baseline CIND or dementia. Hospitalizations for ischemic stroke were identified via ICD-9-CM diagnoses. RESULTS: After adjusting for demographics, medical comorbidities, and health-risk behaviors, CIND alone (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11-1.69) and co-occurring depression and CIND (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.24-2.18) were independently associated with increased odds of ischemic stroke. Depression alone was not associated with odds of ischemic stroke (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.88-1.40) in unadjusted analyses. Neither dementia alone (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.82-1.45) nor co-occurring depression and dementia (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.89-1.76) were associated with odds of ischemic stroke after adjusting for demographics. CONCLUSIONS: CIND and co-occurring depression and CIND are independently associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke. Individuals with co-occurring depression and CIND represent a high-risk group that may benefit from targeted interventions to prevent stroke. |
DOI | 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000136 |
User Guide Notes | |
Alternate Journal | Psychosom Med |
Citation Key | 8323 |
PubMed ID | 25647752 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC4333011 |
Grant List | U01 AG009740 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States R01 AG030155 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States P30 AG024824 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States U01 AG09740 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States K23 AG040278 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States KL2 TR000421 / TR / NCATS NIH HHS / United States |