Title | Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2016 |
Authors | Okbay, A, Beauchamp, JP, Fontana, MAlan, Lee, JJ, Pers, TH, Rietveld, CA, Turley, P, Chen, G-B, Emilsson, V, S Meddens, FW, Oskarsson, S, Pickrell, JK, Thom, K, Timshel, PN, de Vlaming, R, Abdellaoui, A, Ahluwalia, TS, Bacelis, J, Baumbach, C, Bjornsdottir, G, Brandsma, JH, Concas, MPina, Derringer, J, Furlotte, NA, Galesloot, TE, Girotto, GG, Gupta, R, Hall, LM, Harris, SE, Hofer, E, Horikoshi, M, Huffman, JE, Kaasik, K, Kalafati, IPanagiota, Karlsson, R, Kong, A, Lahti, J, van der Lee, SJ, de Leeuw, C, Lind, PA, Lindgren, K-O, Liu, T, Mangino, M, Marten, J, Mihailov, E, Miller, MB, van der Most, PJ, Oldmeadow, CJ, Payton, A, Pervjakova, N, Peyrot, WJ, Qian, Y, Raitakari, OT, Rueedi, R, Salvi, E, Schmidt, B, Schraut, KE, Shi, J, Smith, AVernon, Poot, RA, St Pourcain, B, Teumer, A, Thorleifsson, G, Verweij, N, Vuckovic, D, Wellmann, J, Westra, H-J, Yang, J, Zhao, W, Zhu, Z, Alizadeh, BZ, Amin, N, Bakshi, A, Baumeister, SE, Biino, G, Bønnelykke, K, Boyle, PA, Campbell, H, Cappuccio, FP, Davies, G, De Neve, J-E, Deloukas, P, Demuth, I, Ding, J, Eibich, P, Eisele, L, Eklund, N, Faul, J, Feitosa, MF, Forstner, AJ, Gandin, I, Gunnarsson, B, Halldórsson, BV, Harris, TB, Heath, AC, Hocking, LJ, Holliday, EG, Homuth, G, Horan, MA, Hottenga, J-J, de Jager, PL, Joshi, PK, Jugessur, A, Kaakinen, MA, Kähönen, M, Kanoni, S, Keltigangas-Järvinen, L, Kiemeney, LA, Kolcic, I, Koskinen, S, Kraja, AT, Kroh, M, Kutalik, Z, Latvala, A, Launer, LJ, Lebreton, MP, Levinson, DF, Lichtenstein, P, Lichtner, P, Liewald, DC, Loukola, A, Madden, PAF, Mägi, R, Mäki-Opas, T, Marioni, RE, Marques-Vidal, P, Meddens, GA, McMahon, G, Meisinger, C, Meitinger, T, Milaneschi, Y, Milani, L, Montgomery, GW, Myhre, R, Nelson, CP, Nyholt, DR, Ollier, WER, Palotie, A, Paternoster, L, Pedersen, NL, Petrovic, KE, Porteous, DJ, Räikkönen, K, Ring, SM, Robino, A, Rostapshova, O, Rudan, I, Rustichini, A, Salomaa, V, Sanders, AR, Sarin, A-P, Schmidt, H, Scott, RJ, Smith, BH, Smith, JA, Staessen, JA, Steinhagen-Thiessen, E, Strauch, K, Terracciano, A, Tobin, MD, Ulivi, S, Vaccargiu, S, Quaye, L, van Rooij, FJA, Venturini, C, Vinkhuyzen, AAE, Völker, U, Völzke, H, Vonk, JM, Vozzi, D, Waage, J, Ware, EB, Willemsen, G, Attia, JR, Bennett, DA, Berger, K, Bertram, L, Bisgaard, H, Boomsma, DI, Borecki, IB, Bültmann, U, Chabris, CF, Cucca, F, Cusi, D, Deary, IJ, Dedoussis, G, van Duijn, CM, Eriksson, JG, Franke, B, Franke, LL, Gasparini, PP, Gejman, PV, Gieger, C, Grabe, H-J, Gratten, J, Groenen, PJF, Gudnason, V, van der Harst, P, Hayward, C, Hinds, DA, Hoffmann, W, Hyppönen, E, Iacono, WG, Jacobsson, B, Järvelin, M-R, Jöckel, K-H, Kaprio, J, Kardia, SLR, Lehtimäki, T, Lehrer, SF, Magnusson, PKE, Martin, NG, McGue, M, Metspalu, A, Pendleton, N, Penninx, BWJH, Perola, M, Pirastu, N, Pirastu, M, Polasek, O, Posthuma, D, Power, C, Province, MA, Samani, NJ, Schlessinger, D, Schmidt, R, Sørensen, TIA, Spector, T, Stefansson, K, Thorsteinsdottir, U, A. Thurik, R, Timpson, NJ, Tiemeier, H, Tung, JY, Uitterlinden, AG, Vitart, V, Vollenweider, P, Weir, DR, Wilson, JF, Wright, AF, Conley, DC, Krueger, RF, Smith, GDavey, Hofman, A, Laibson, DI, Medland, SE, Meyer, MN, Yang, J, Johannesson, M, Visscher, PM, Esko, T, Koellinger, PD, Cesarini, D, Benjamin, DJ |
Corporate Authors | LifeLines Cohort Study |
Journal | Nature |
Volume | 533 |
Issue | 7604 |
Pagination | 539-42 |
Date Published | 2016 05 26 |
ISSN Number | 1476-4687 |
Keywords | Alzheimer's disease, Bipolar Disorder, Cognitive Ability, Education, Fetus, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Schizophrenia, United Kingdom |
Abstract | Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases. |
DOI | 10.1038/nature17671 |
User Guide Notes | |
Alternate Journal | Nature |
Citation Key | 8883 |
PubMed ID | 27225129 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC4883595 |
Grant List | R01 DA036216 / DA / NIDA NIH HHS / United States RF1 AG015819 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States U01 AG009740 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States MC_UU_12013/3 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom MC_QA137853 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom R01 AG017917 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States MR/J012165/1 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom MR/K026992/1 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom P2C HD047879 / HD / NICHD NIH HHS / United States P30 AG010161 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States MC_UU_12013/1 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom MC_UU_12013/4 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom CZD/16/6/4 / / Chief Scientist Office / United Kingdom MC_PC_U127561128 / / Medical Research Council / United Kingdom T32-AG000186-23 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States P01-AG005842 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States R01-AG042568 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States P30-AG012810 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States P01 AG005842 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States R37 DA005147 / DA / NIDA NIH HHS / United States P30 AG012810 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States R01 AG042568 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States T32 AG000186 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States BB/F022441/1 / / Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council / United Kingdom P01-AG005842-20S2 / AG / NIA NIH HHS / United States 647648 / / European Research Council / International |